What can evolutionary biology learn from cancer biology?

Detecting and treating cancer effectively involves understanding the disease as one of somatic cell and tumor macroevolution. That understanding is key to avoid triggering an adverse reaction to therapy that generates an untreatable and deadly tumor population. Macroevolution differs from microevolution by karyotype changes rather than isolated localized mutations being the major source of hereditary variation. Cancer cells display major multi-site chromosome rearrangements that appear to have arisen in many different cases abruptly in the history of tumor evolution. These genome restructuring events help explain the punctuated macroevolutionary changes that mark major transitions in cancer progression. At least two different nonrandom patterns of rapid multisite genome restructuring - chromothripsis ("chromosome shattering") and chromoplexy ("chromosome weaving") - are clearly distinct in their distribution within the genome and in the cell biology of the stress-induced processes responsible for their occurrence. These observations tell us that eukaryotic cells have the capacity to reorganize their genomes rapidly in response to calamity. Since chromothripsis and chromoplexy have been identified in the human germline and in other eukaryotes, they provide a model for organismal macroevolution in response to the kinds of stresses that lead to mass extinctions.