St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2021 Apr 30;63(2):163-170. doi: 10.3897/folmed.63.e53709.
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is present in approximately 50% of the cases with severe traumatic brain injury. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and young individuals worldwide. Generally, DAI occurs as a result of high-velocity accidents. Typically, it presents with loss of consciousness for at least 6 hours and neurological deficit dependent on the brain area that is affected by the injury. The final diagnosis is confirmed by neuroimaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. According to the injured brain site, DAI is classified into three grades: Grade I-DAI with axonal lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; Grade II-DAI with focal axonal lesions in the corpus callosum; Grade III-DAI with focal or multiple axonal lesions in the brainstem. Each of the three grades is associated with different outcome.Due to the high disability and mortality rate, DAI represents an important medical, personal and social problem. The aim of the current review is to address the unsolved issues connected with the pathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment and outcome of the diffuse axonal injury.
弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）存在于约 50%的严重创伤性脑损伤病例中。它是全球儿童和年轻人发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一。一般来说，DAI 是由于高速事故引起的。通常，它表现为意识丧失至少 6 小时，并且根据受损伤的脑区存在神经功能缺损。最终诊断通过神经影像学研究如计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像来确认。根据受伤的脑区，DAI 分为三个等级：I 级-大脑半球有轴索损伤；II 级-胼胝体有局灶性轴索损伤；III 级-脑干有局灶性或多发性轴索损伤。三个等级中的每一个都与不同的结果相关。由于高残疾率和死亡率，DAI 代表了一个重要的医学、个人和社会问题。本综述的目的是解决弥漫性轴索损伤的发病机制、诊断、治疗和结果方面尚未解决的问题。
