Genome-wide characterization and expression and co-expression analysis suggested diverse functions of genes in bread wheat.

WUSCHEL-related homeobox () genes belong to the homeobox superfamily, are plant-specific and play vital functions in the growth and development. Herein, we identified a total of 43 genes in the allohexaploid (AABBDD) genome of L These genes were distributed on the various chromosomes of each subgenome (A, B and D). The phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of TaWOXs into three clades: ancient, intermediate and modern or WUS. The gene and protein structures including exon/intron organization, intron phases, and domain and motif distribution were found to be conserved in each phylogenetic clade. The subcellular localization was predicted as nuclear. The Ka/Ks analyses suggested the purifying selection of paralogous genes. The differential expression profiling of various in numerous tissue developmental stages and different layers of grains suggested their role in growth and development. Moreover, a few genes exhibited modulated expression during abiotic and biotic stress conditions, which revealed their roles in stress response. The occurrence of various acting regulatory elements further confirmed their role in plant development and stress tolerance. The co-expression analyses suggested the interactions of these genes with other genes, involved in various processes including plant development, signalling and stress responses. The present study reported several characteristic features of s genes that can be useful for further characterization in future studies.