Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Ecological Landscaping of Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai 200232, China.
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites, Shanghai 200232, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 30;18(9):4820. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094820.
High concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) create global environmental stress due to the crucial threat of their impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, determining the concentration levels of PTE and improving their prediction accuracy by sampling optimization strategy is necessary for making sustainable environmental decisions. The concentrations of five PTEs (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn) were compared with reference values for Shanghai and China. The prediction of PTE in soil was undertaken using a geostatistical and spatial simulated annealing algorithm. Compared to Shanghai's background values, the five PTE mean concentrations are much higher, except for Cd and Cr. However, all measured values exceeded the reference values for China. Pb, Cu, and Zn levels were 1.45, 1.20, and 1.56 times the background value of Shanghai, respectively, and 1.57, 1.66, 1.91 times the background values in China, respectively. The optimization approach resulted in an increased prediction accuracy (22.4% higher) for non-sampled locations compared to the initial sampling design. The higher concentration of PTE compared to background values indicates a soil pollution issue in the study area. The optimization approach allows a soil pollution map to be generated without deleting or adding additional monitoring points. This approach is also crucial for filling the sampling strategy gap.
高浓度的潜在有毒元素（PTE）由于其对环境和人类健康的重大威胁，造成了全球性的环境压力。因此，通过采样优化策略确定 PTE 的浓度水平并提高其预测精度对于做出可持续的环境决策是必要的。比较了上海和中国的五种 PTE（Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu 和 Zn）的浓度与参考值。使用地质统计学和空间模拟退火算法对土壤中的 PTE 进行了预测。与上海的背景值相比，除了 Cd 和 Cr 之外，五种 PTE 的平均浓度要高得多。然而，所有测量值都超过了中国的参考值。Pb、Cu 和 Zn 的含量分别是上海背景值的 1.45、1.20 和 1.56 倍，分别是中国背景值的 1.57、1.66 和 1.91 倍。与初始采样设计相比，优化方法使非采样位置的预测精度提高了 22.4%。与背景值相比，PTE 浓度较高表明研究区域存在土壤污染问题。优化方法可以在不删除或添加额外监测点的情况下生成土壤污染图。这种方法对于填补采样策略的差距也至关重要。
