A Review on Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance in : Update and Recent Advances.

is the second frequent etiologic agent of mucosal and invasive candidiasis. Based on the recent developments in molecular methods, has been introduced as a complex composed of , , and . The four main classes of antifungal drugs effective against are pyrimidine analogs (flucytosine), azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. Although the use of antifungal drugs is related to the predictable development of drug resistance, it is not clear why is able to rapidly resist against multiple antifungals in clinics. The enhanced incidence and antifungal resistance of and the high mortality and morbidity need more investigation regarding the resistance mechanisms and virulence associated with ; additional progress concerning the drug resistance of has to be further prevented. The present review highlights the mechanism of resistance to antifungal drugs in .