Molecular Biology of Bladder Cancer: Potential Implications for Therapy.

Recently completed studies provided high-resolution descriptions of the molecular biological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancers. Whole transcriptome messenger RNA expression profiling revealed that they can be grouped into basal and luminal molecular subtypes resembling the ones described in breast cancers. Retrospective DNA sequencing efforts revealed roles for disruption of DNA damage response pathways in response to conventional chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade, and completed and ongoing studies indicate that the molecular biological properties of infiltrating host cells dictate also influence therapeutic outcomes. This article reviews these findings and identify gaps in knowledge that represent opportunities for future research.