Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Aug;127:334-352. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.036. Epub 2021 May 5.
The acquisition of fear associative memory requires brain processes of coordinated neural activity within the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem. After fear consolidation, a suppression of fear memory in the absence of danger is crucial to permit adaptive coping behavior. Acquisition and maintenance of fear extinction critically depend on amygdala-PFC projections. The robust correspondence between the brain networks encompassed cortical and subcortical hubs involved into fear processing in humans and in other species underscores the potential utility of comparing the modulation of brain circuitry in humans and animals, as a crucial step to inform the comprehension of fear mechanisms and the development of treatments for fear-related disorders. The present review is aimed at providing a comprehensive description of the literature on recent clinical and experimental researches regarding the noninvasive brain stimulation and optogenetics. These innovative manipulations applied over specific hubs of fear matrix during fear acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation and extinction allow an accurate characterization of specific brain circuits and their peculiar interaction within the specific fear processing.
恐惧相关记忆的获得需要杏仁核、前额叶皮层（PFC）、海马体、丘脑和脑干内协调的神经活动过程。在恐惧巩固后，在没有危险的情况下抑制恐惧记忆对于允许适应性应对行为至关重要。恐惧的获得和维持严重依赖于杏仁核-前额叶投射。在人类和其他物种中，涉及恐惧处理的大脑网络之间存在强大的对应关系，突出了比较人类和动物大脑回路的调制的潜在效用，这是理解恐惧机制和开发恐惧相关障碍治疗方法的关键步骤。本综述旨在全面描述关于非侵入性脑刺激和光遗传学的最新临床和实验研究文献。在恐惧获得、巩固、再巩固和消退期间，将这些创新的操作应用于恐惧矩阵的特定中枢，可以准确地描述特定的大脑回路及其在特定的恐惧处理中的独特相互作用。
