Okello Emmanuel, Williams Deniece R, ElAshmawy Wagdy R, Adams Jaymes, Pereira Richard V, Lehenbauer Terry W, Aly Sharif S
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States.
Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Apr 22;8:636670. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.636670. eCollection 2021.
The California (CA) dairy industry was surveyed in July 2017 to evaluate producers' knowledge and perceptions and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in preweaned dairy calves following the implementation of the nationwide veterinary feed directive final rule (VFD) in January 2017 and prior to statewide implementation of CA Senate Bill (SB) 27 in January 2018. Together, these regulations require veterinary oversight for all uses of medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs) administered to livestock in CA. Survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,361 CA Grade A milk producing dairies and calf ranches across CA resulting in a 12% (169) response. Most respondents (83%) were aware of the VFD and SB 27 changes. Use of antibiotics was perceived as important (77%) in raising preweaned dairy calves and judicious use of antibiotics was ranked as the most important antimicrobial stewardship practice, amongst record keeping, observing withdrawal periods, having a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR), and use of alternatives to antibiotics. Treating sick calves was the major indication for AMD use (90.5%); however, few producers reported use of antibiotics to control (12.7%) or prevent disease (11%). Neomycin sulfate, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and sulfamethazine were the most used AMD. The respondents reported a decreased use of AMD in milk (10%) and in solid feed (5%), and discontinuation of one or more AMDs used in milk (18.6%) or in solid feed (5%) post-VFD rule implementation in 2017. Most respondents reported keeping treatment records and the information recorded included date (82%), dose (44%) and route (15%) of AMD used. A few respondents reported they had initiated use of alternatives to AMDs, such as vitamins (32.6%), minerals (25.6%), herbal remedies (11.6%) and pathogen specific antibodies (7%), post-VFD. The limited changes noted in AMD use could be attributed to the short period between the implementation of the VFD and the time of the survey. Our study outcomes identified opportunities to improve AMD use practices, including record keeping and use of AMD alternatives, and provides a baseline for future evaluation of the impact of these regulatory changes, as well as guidance for the future recommendations on best practices to promote judicious AMD use.
2017年7月，对加利福尼亚州（CA）的乳制品行业进行了调查，以评估生产者在2017年1月全国兽医饲料指令最终规则（VFD）实施后以及2018年1月加利福尼亚州参议院法案（SB）27全州实施之前，对断奶前奶牛犊抗菌药物（AMD）使用的知识、认知和情况。这些法规共同要求对加利福尼亚州用于牲畜的所有重要医用抗菌药物（MIADs）的使用进行兽医监督。调查问卷被邮寄给加利福尼亚州1361家A级牛奶生产奶牛场和犊牛养殖场，回复率为12%（169份）。大多数受访者（83%）知晓VFD和SB 27的变化。抗生素的使用在饲养断奶前奶牛犊方面被视为很重要（77%），在记录保存、遵守停药期、建立有效的兽医 - 客户 - 患者关系（VCPR）以及使用抗生素替代品等抗菌药物管理措施中，明智地使用抗生素被列为最重要的措施。治疗患病犊牛是使用AMD的主要原因（90.5%）；然而，很少有生产者报告使用抗生素来控制（12.7%）或预防疾病（11%）。硫酸新霉素、金霉素、土霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶是最常用的AMD。受访者报告称，2017年VFD规则实施后，牛奶中AMD的使用量下降了10%，固体饲料中下降了5%，并且停止使用了牛奶（18.6%）或固体饲料（5%）中使用的一种或多种AMD。大多数受访者报告保存了治疗记录，记录的信息包括使用AMD的日期（82%）、剂量（44%）和途径（15%）。一些受访者报告称，VFD实施后，他们开始使用AMD的替代品，如维生素（32.6%）、矿物质（25.6%）、草药（11.6%）和病原体特异性抗体（7%）。AMD使用方面的有限变化可能归因于VFD实施到调查期间的时间较短。我们的研究结果确定了改善AMD使用做法的机会，包括记录保存和使用AMD替代品，并为未来评估这些监管变化的影响提供了基线，以及为促进明智使用AMD的最佳做法的未来建议提供了指导。
