Cancer nanomedicine developed from total human serum: a novel approach for making personalized nanomedicine.

To develop a method for making total serum nanoparticles (TSN) loaded with cytotoxic chemodrugs for cancer therapy. TSN loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) or piperlongumine (PL) were prepared using high-pressure homogenization and tested for immunogenicity in healthy animals and antitumor properties in pancreatic cancer xenograft models. TSN-PL nanoparticles of average size 104 nm and encapsulation efficiency approximately 50% showed enhanced dose-dependent cytotoxicity compared with TSN-PTX or clinically used combination of gemcitabine and nano-PTX in two pancreatic cell lines. Significant antitumor efficacy was also established in the pancreatic xenograft model. We developed a unique method of converting total blood serum into chemo drug-loaded nanoparticles and demonstrated its efficacy and