Liang Jie, Zhao Xiao
CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Cancer Biol Med. 2021 May 12;18(2):352-71. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0004.
Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles such as lipid-based, polymer-based, inorganics-based, and bio-inspired vehicles often carry distinct and attractive advantages in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Based on various delivery vehicles, specifically designed nanomaterials-based vaccines are highly advantageous in boosting therapeutic and prophylactic antitumor immunities. Specifically, therapeutic vaccines featuring unique properties have made major contributions to the enhancement of antigen immunogenicity, encapsulation efficiency, biocompatibility, and stability, as well as promoting antigen cross-presentation and specific CD8 T cell responses. However, for clinical applications, tumor-associated antigen-derived vaccines could be an obstacle, involving immune tolerance and deficiency of tumor specificities, in achieving maximum therapeutic indices. However, when using bioinformatics predictions with emerging innovations of tools, neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines might become potent personalized vaccines for tumor treatments. In this review, we summarize the development of preclinical therapeutic cancer vaccines and the advancements of nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapies, which provide the basis for a personalized vaccine delivery platform. Moreover, we review the existing challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial-based personalized vaccines for novel tumor immunotherapies.
基于纳米材料的递送载体，如脂质基、聚合物基、无机基和仿生载体，在治疗性癌症疫苗的研发中往往具有独特且吸引人的优势。基于各种递送载体，经过特殊设计的基于纳米材料的疫苗在增强治疗性和预防性抗肿瘤免疫方面具有高度优势。具体而言，具有独特特性的治疗性疫苗在增强抗原免疫原性、封装效率、生物相容性和稳定性，以及促进抗原交叉呈递和特异性CD8 T细胞反应方面做出了重大贡献。然而，对于临床应用而言，肿瘤相关抗原衍生的疫苗在实现最大治疗指数方面可能会成为一个障碍，涉及免疫耐受和肿瘤特异性不足的问题。然而，当将生物信息学预测与新兴工具创新相结合时，基于新抗原的治疗性疫苗可能会成为用于肿瘤治疗的强效个性化疫苗。在本综述中，我们总结了临床前治疗性癌症疫苗的发展以及基于纳米材料的递送载体在癌症免疫治疗中的进展，这为个性化疫苗递送平台提供了基础。此外，我们还综述了基于纳米材料的个性化疫苗在新型肿瘤免疫治疗中面临的现有挑战和未来前景。
