Kinaesthetic cues when predicting the outcomes of the actions of others.

People can accurately predict others' action outcomes. To do so, recent studies have proposed that skilled athletes rely preferentially on sensorimotor resonance mechanisms that simulate-in their own motor system-the actions of others. However, little is known about which types of information are simulated for prediction. Here, we used a movement-illusion that selectively affected kinaesthetic sensation to investigate whether athletes use kinaesthetic information for simulation when predicting action outcomes. Nine skilled and 9 less-skilled right-handed basketball players predicted the outcomes of basketball shots when viewing an occluded video of another right-handed player's shots in each of 3 conditions: (a) observation alone (control), (b) observation + vibration-induced illusory kinaesthetic sensation in the right-wrist (effector vibration), and (c) observation + vibration in the left-wrist (noneffector vibration). Results revealed that the enhanced prediction of skilled players in the control condition was eliminated in the effector vibration condition but not in the noneffector condition. Additionally, when participants made correct predictions, their subjective feeling of wrist-flexion induced by vibration became larger when participants observed the longer shot in the effector condition but not the noneffector condition. The results suggest that skilled players use limb-specific kinaesthetic information, when it is available, as a means of predicting the action outcomes of others. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).