Korzan Wayne J, Summers Cliff H
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA.
Neurobiol Stress. 2021 Apr 21;14:100328. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100328. eCollection 2021 May.
Social rank functions to facilitate coping responses to socially stressful situations and conditions. The evolution of social status appears to be inseparably connected to the evolution of stress. Stress, aggression, reward, and decision-making neurocircuitries overlap and interact to produce status-linked relationships, which are common among both male and female populations. Behavioral consequences stemming from social status and rank relationships are molded by aggressive interactions, which are inherently stressful. It seems likely that the balance of regulatory elements in pro- and anti-stress neurocircuitries results in rapid but brief stress responses that are advantageous to social dominance. These systems further produce, in coordination with reward and aggression circuitries, rapid adaptive responding during opportunities that arise to acquire food, mates, perch sites, territorial space, shelter and other resources. Rapid acquisition of resources and aggressive postures produces dominant individuals, who temporarily have distinct fitness advantages. For these reasons also, change in social status can occur rapidly. Social subordination results in slower and more chronic neural and endocrine reactions, a suite of unique defensive behaviors, and an increased propensity for anxious and depressive behavior and affect. These two behavioral phenotypes are but distinct ends of a spectrum, however, they may give us insights into the troubling mechanisms underlying the myriad of stress-related disorders to which they appear to be evolutionarily linked.
社会等级有助于促进对社会压力情境和状况的应对反应。社会地位的演变似乎与压力的演变紧密相连。压力、攻击、奖赏和决策神经回路相互重叠并相互作用，以产生与地位相关的关系，这种关系在男性和女性群体中都很常见。社会地位和等级关系产生的行为后果由具有内在压力的攻击性互动塑造。应激和抗应激神经回路中调节元件的平衡似乎会导致快速但短暂的应激反应，这有利于社会主导地位。这些系统还与奖赏和攻击回路协同作用，在获取食物、配偶、栖息位点、领地空间、庇护所和其他资源的机会出现时产生快速适应性反应。资源的快速获取和攻击性姿态造就了占主导地位的个体，他们暂时具有明显的适应性优势。同样由于这些原因，社会地位的变化可能很快发生。社会从属地位会导致更缓慢、更慢性的神经和内分泌反应、一系列独特的防御行为，以及焦虑和抑郁行为及情绪倾向的增加。然而，这两种行为表型只是一个连续谱的不同端点，它们可能会让我们深入了解与它们似乎在进化上相关的无数应激相关障碍背后令人困扰的机制。
