Ling G N
Molecular Biology Department, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 19107.
Scanning Microsc. 1988 Jun;2(2):899-913.
This review begins with a summary of the disproof of the membrane-pump theory and the alternative theory of the living cell, the association-induction (AI) hypothesis. Being alive in the AI hypothesis represents the maintenance of a high (negative) energy-low entropy state in which the two major components K+ and water of the living cell are closely associated with the third major component of the living cells, proteins. K+ is adsorbed singly on beta- and gamma- carboxyl groups and the bulk of cell water in multilayers on the exposed NHCO groups of fully extended polypeptide chains of cell proteins. These adsorptions account for both the constancy of cell K+ and cell water per unit of cell proteins. ATP plays a key role in the maintenance of the cooperatively linked protein-ion-water assembly at the living state by its adsorption on key protein site and exercises the controlling influence through its strong inductive effects. Water polarized in multilayers demonstrates size-dependent exclusion of solutes, e.g., large (hydrated) Na+ is excluded from water in living cells or model systems while smaller urea that fits into the dynamic water structure is not excluded. The confirmation of the polarized multilayer theory of cell water by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dielectric, neutron scattering, and other studies not only reverses the conventional belief of the existence of the cell water as normal liquid water; it also gives a new definition to colloids.
本综述首先总结了膜泵理论的反驳以及活细胞的另一种理论——缔合诱导（AI）假说。在AI假说中，“活着”意味着维持一种高（负）能量 - 低熵状态，其中活细胞的两个主要成分K⁺和水与活细胞的第三个主要成分蛋白质紧密缔合。K⁺单个吸附在β - 和γ - 羧基上，而细胞中的大量水以多层形式吸附在细胞蛋白质完全伸展的多肽链暴露的NHCO基团上。这些吸附作用解释了每单位细胞蛋白质中细胞K⁺和细胞水含量的恒定。ATP通过吸附在关键蛋白质位点上，在维持处于活态的协同连接的蛋白质 - 离子 - 水组装体中起关键作用，并通过其强大的诱导效应发挥控制作用。多层极化的水表现出对溶质的尺寸依赖性排斥，例如，大的（水合）Na⁺被活细胞或模型系统中的水排斥，而能适配动态水结构的较小的尿素则不会被排斥。核磁共振（NMR）、介电、中子散射和其他研究对细胞水的极化多层理论的证实，不仅颠覆了传统上认为细胞水是以正常液态水形式存在的观念；它还赋予了胶体一个新的定义。
