Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106-91, Stockholm, Sweden.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2021 Jul;81(1):142-154. doi: 10.1007/s00244-021-00853-z. Epub 2021 May 17.
In Brazil, environmental occurrence of micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, is rarely studied, and these compounds are not part of national water quality guidelines. In this study, we evaluated the occurrence of micropollutants in the Paraibuna River, located in the southeast region of Brazil, which is the most populated region of the country. Surface water samples were taken every 3 months for 1.5 years at four different sites downstream the city of Juiz de Fora. A total of 28 compounds were analyzed on an UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS using a direct injection method. Nine substances were found in at least one water sample, with concentrations ranging from 11 to 4471 ng L. The micropollutants found in the river were not detected at the reference site upstream of the city, except for caffeine, which was present at low concentrations in the reference site. Additionally, a nontarget screening of the river samples was applied, which resulted in the identification of 116 chemicals, most of which were pharmaceuticals. Concentrations of most of the micropollutants varied with season and correlated significantly with rainfall events, which caused dilution in the river. The highest observed concentrations were for pharmaceuticals used for treating chronic diseases, such as metformin, which is used to treat diabetes, and were among the most consumed in Juiz de Fora during the study period. Moderate ecotoxicological risks were found for metformin, oxazepam, triclosan, and tramadol. Considering the complex mixture of micropollutants in the environment, more knowledge is needed to elucidate their ecological risk in aquatic ecosystems.
在巴西，环境中微污染物（如药品）的出现情况很少得到研究，而且这些化合物也不属于国家水质指南的一部分。在本研究中，我们评估了位于巴西东南部、该国人口最稠密地区的帕拉伊巴河的微污染物的出现情况。在 1.5 年的时间里，每隔 3 个月就在茹伊斯迪福拉市下游的四个不同地点采集地表水样本。使用直接进样法，在 UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS 上分析了总共 28 种化合物。至少在一个水样中发现了 9 种物质，浓度范围为 11 至 4471ng/L。在城市上游的参考点没有检测到河流中存在的微污染物，除了咖啡因，它在参考点的浓度较低。此外，还对河流水样进行了非靶向筛选，共鉴定出 116 种化学物质，其中大部分为药品。大多数微污染物的浓度随季节而变化，与降雨事件显著相关，这导致河水稀释。观察到的最高浓度是用于治疗慢性病的药物，如治疗糖尿病的二甲双胍，在研究期间是茹伊斯迪福拉市消费最多的药物之一。二甲双胍、奥沙西泮、三氯生和曲马多的中度生态毒理学风险。考虑到环境中微污染物的复杂混合物，需要更多的知识来阐明它们对水生生态系统的生态风险。
