Boman John H, Mowen Thomas J, Higgins George E
Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, 240 Williams Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
Am J Crim Justice. 2019 Feb;44(1):3-22. doi: 10.1007/s12103-018-9445-7. Epub 2018 Jul 3.
While it is generally understood that people tend not to specialize in specific types of deviance, less is understood about offending specialization and versatility in the context of friendships. Using a large sample of persons nested within friendship pairs, this study's goal is to explore how self-control and social learning theories contribute to an explanation for specialization and versatility in offending among friends. We estimate a series of multilevel, dyadic, mixed-effects models which regress offending versatility onto measures of perceptual peer versatility, self-reported peer versatility, attitudinal self-control, behavioral self-control, and demographic controls. Results indicate that higher amounts of perceptual peer versatility and peer self-reported versatility are both related to increases in versatility among friends. Lower levels of the target respondent's attitudinal and behavioral self-control are also related to higher amounts of offending versatility. However, the peer's self-control shares no relationship with offending versatility - a point which both supports and fails to support self-control theory's expectations about how peer effects should operate. Learning and self-control perspectives both appear to explain offending versatility among friends. However, self-control theory's propositions about how peer effects should operate are contradictory. The concept of opportunity may help remediate this inconsistency in Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory.
虽然人们普遍认为，人们往往不会专门从事特定类型的越轨行为，但在友谊背景下，对于犯罪专业化和多样性的了解却较少。本研究以嵌套在友谊对中的大量人群为样本，旨在探讨自我控制理论和社会学习理论如何有助于解释朋友间犯罪的专业化和多样性。我们估计了一系列多层次、二元、混合效应模型，将犯罪多样性回归到感知到的同伴多样性、自我报告的同伴多样性、态度自我控制、行为自我控制以及人口统计学控制指标上。结果表明，较高程度的感知到的同伴多样性和同伴自我报告的多样性都与朋友间多样性的增加有关。目标受访者较低水平的态度和行为自我控制也与较高程度的犯罪多样性有关。然而，同伴的自我控制与犯罪多样性没有关系——这一点既支持又不支持自我控制理论对同伴效应应如何发挥作用的预期。学习和自我控制观点似乎都能解释朋友间的犯罪多样性。然而，自我控制理论关于同伴效应应如何发挥作用的命题是相互矛盾的。机会概念可能有助于弥补戈特弗里德森和赫希理论中的这种不一致。
