Ca mishandling in heart failure: Potential targets.

Ca mishandling is a common feature in several cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF). In many cases, impairment of key players in intracellular Ca homeostasis has been identified as the underlying mechanism of cardiac dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias associated with HF. In this review, we summarize primary novel findings related to Ca mishandling in HF progression. HF research has increasingly focused on the identification of new targets and the contribution of their role in Ca handling to the progression of the disease. Recent research studies have identified potential targets in three major emerging areas implicated in regulation of Ca handling: the innate immune system, bone metabolism factors and post-translational modification of key proteins involved in regulation of Ca handling. Here, we describe their possible contributions to the progression of HF.