Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
J Fish Dis. 2021 Sep;44(9):1449-1462. doi: 10.1111/jfd.13452. Epub 2021 May 25.
This study investigated the acute inflammatory response induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenin (1%) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Skin mucus, serum, head kidney (HK) and liver were sampled at 1.5, 3 and 6 hr post-injection (p.i.) to determine the immune and antioxidant status of this fish species. The skin mucus of the carrageenin group showed increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, lysozyme abundance, bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum and Photobacterium damselae, and total immunoglobulins compared with those of the control group. However, the carrageenin-injected fish sampled at 6 hr p.i. showed decreased protease activity in the skin mucus and peroxidase activity in the HK leucocytes compared with the control. Moreover, the carrageenin injection had no effects on the systemic immune system, but it reduced the liver catalase activities at both 3 and 6 hr in the carrageenin group relative to those in the control group. The expression levels of several proinflammatory and cell marker genes in the HK and liver were also determined. In the HK, the expression levels of interleukin-1β and prostaglandin D synthase 1 were upregulated at 1.5 and 3 hr, respectively, in the carrageenin group compared with those in the control group. Contrarily, the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit phox40 (an acidophilic granulocyte marker) in the carrageenin group at 6 hr was downregulated compared with that in the control group. These results suggested that subcutaneous injection of κ/λ-carrageenin in gilthead seabream triggered an acute skin inflammation characterized by the rapid recruitment of acidophilic granulocytes and the release of humoral mediators into the skin mucus.
本研究调查了卡拉胶（1%）或磷酸盐缓冲盐水（对照）皮下注射诱导的金头鲷（Sparus aurata）急性炎症反应。在注射后 1.5、3 和 6 小时采集皮肤黏液、血清、头肾（HK）和肝脏样本，以确定该鱼类的免疫和抗氧化状态。与对照组相比，卡拉胶组的皮肤黏液中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性、溶菌酶丰度、对鳗弧菌和发光杆菌的杀菌活性以及总免疫球蛋白增加。然而，与对照组相比，在注射卡拉胶后 6 小时采集的鱼的皮肤黏液中的蛋白酶活性和 HK 白细胞中的过氧化物酶活性降低。此外，卡拉胶注射对系统免疫系统没有影响，但与对照组相比，它降低了 3 小时和 6 小时时卡拉胶组的肝脏过氧化氢酶活性。还测定了 HK 和肝脏中几种促炎和细胞标记基因的表达水平。在 HK 中，与对照组相比，卡拉胶组在 1.5 和 3 小时时白细胞介素 1β和前列腺素 D 合酶 1 的表达水平分别上调。相反，在 6 小时时，卡拉胶组的 NADPH 氧化酶亚基 phox40（嗜酸性粒细胞标记物）的表达水平与对照组相比下调。这些结果表明，金头鲷皮下注射 κ/λ-卡拉胶引发了急性皮肤炎症，其特征是嗜酸性粒细胞的快速募集和体液介质释放到皮肤黏液中。
