Müller Marcus, Abetz Volker
Georg-August Universität, Institut für Theoretische Physik, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institut für Membranforschung, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
Chem Rev. 2021 Nov 24;121(22):14189-14231. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00029. Epub 2021 May 25.
Porous polymer and copolymer membranes are useful for ultrafiltration of functional macromolecules, colloids, and water purification. In particular, block copolymer membranes offer a bottom-up approach to form isoporous membranes. To optimize permeability, selectivity, longevity, and cost, and to rationally design fabrication processes, direct insights into the spatiotemporal structure evolution are necessary. Because of a multitude of nonequilibrium processes in polymer membrane formation, theoretical predictions via continuum models and particle simulations remain a challenge. We compiled experimental observations and theoretical approaches for homo- and block copolymer membranes prepared by nonsolvent-induced phase separation and highlight the interplay of multiple nonequilibrium processes─evaporation, solvent-nonsolvent exchange, diffusion, hydrodynamic flow, viscoelasticity, macro- and microphase separation, and dynamic arrest─that dictates the complex structure of the membrane on different scales.
多孔聚合物膜和共聚物膜可用于功能大分子的超滤、胶体过滤及水净化。特别是，嵌段共聚物膜为形成等孔膜提供了一种自下而上的方法。为了优化渗透率、选择性、使用寿命和成本，并合理设计制造工艺，直接洞察时空结构演变是必要的。由于聚合物膜形成过程中存在大量非平衡过程，通过连续介质模型和粒子模拟进行理论预测仍然是一项挑战。我们汇总了通过非溶剂诱导相分离制备的均聚物膜和嵌段共聚物膜的实验观察结果和理论方法，并强调了多种非平衡过程（蒸发、溶剂-非溶剂交换、扩散、流体动力流动、粘弹性、宏观和微观相分离以及动态停滞）之间的相互作用，这些过程决定了不同尺度下膜的复杂结构。
