Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America.
Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2021 May 25;16(5):e0252051. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252051. eCollection 2021.
To explore the possible emergence and lived consequences of social inequality in the Atacama, we analyzed a large set (n = 288) of incredibly well preserved and contextualized human skeletons from the broad Middle Period (AD 500-1000) of the San Pedro de Atacama (Chile) oases. In this work, we explore model-based paleodietary reconstruction of the results of stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen and hydroxyapatite. The results of this modeling are used to explore local phenomena, the nature of the Middle Period, and the interaction between local situations and the larger world in which the oases were enmeshed by identifying the temporal, spatial, and biocultural correlates and dimensions of dietary difference. Our analyses revealed that: 1) over the 600-year period represented by our sample, there were significant changes in consumption patterns that may evince broad diachronic changes in the structure of Atacameño society, and 2) at/near 600 calAD, there was a possible episode of social discontinuity that manifested in significant changes in consumption practices. Additionally, while there were some differences in the level of internal dietary variability among the ayllus, once time was fully considered, none of the ayllus stood out for having a more (or less) clearly internally differentiated cuisine. Finally, sex does not appear to have been a particularly salient driver of observed dietary differences here. While we do not see any de facto evidence for complete dietary differentiation (as there is always overlap in consumption among individuals, ayllus, and time periods, and as isotopic analysis is not capable of pinpointing different foods items or preparations), there are broad aspects of dietary composition changing over time that are potentially linked to status, and foreignness. Ultimately, these stand as the clearest example of what has been termed "gastro-politics," potentially tied to the emergence of social inequality in the San Pedro oases.
为了探索阿塔卡马地区社会不平等现象的可能出现及其产生的实际影响，我们对来自智利圣佩德罗·德阿塔卡马（San Pedro de Atacama）绿洲广泛的中时期（公元 500 年至 1000 年）的大量保存完好且具有上下文语境的人类骨骼（n=288）进行了分析。在这项工作中，我们探索了基于模型的古饮食重建，该模型基于对人类骨骼胶原和羟磷灰石的稳定同位素分析结果。通过识别饮食差异的时间、空间和生物文化相关性和维度，来探索局部现象、中时期的性质以及绿洲所处的更大世界中局部情况与整体之间的相互作用，从而利用这种建模的结果来探索局部现象、中时期的性质以及绿洲所处的更大世界中局部情况与整体之间的相互作用。我们的分析表明：1）在我们的样本所代表的 600 年期间，消费模式发生了重大变化，这可能表明阿塔卡马社会结构发生了广泛的历时性变化；2）在大约公元 600 年，可能发生了社会不连续事件，这表现在消费行为的重大变化上。此外，尽管各个氏族之间的内部饮食差异水平存在一些差异，但一旦充分考虑时间因素，就没有任何一个氏族因其内部饮食差异更明显（或不明显）而脱颖而出。最后，在这里，性别似乎并不是导致观察到的饮食差异的一个特别突出的驱动因素。虽然我们没有看到任何事实上的证据表明存在完全的饮食差异（因为个体、氏族和时间段之间的消费总是存在重叠，并且同位素分析无法准确指出不同的食物或准备方式），但随着时间的推移，饮食组成的广泛方面正在发生变化，这些变化可能与地位和外来性有关。最终，这些变化是所谓“饮食政治”的最明显例子，这可能与圣佩德罗绿洲社会不平等的出现有关。
