Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, Portland, OR 97232-3312, USA.
Rev Environ Health. 2021 May 26;37(2):247-258. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0165. Print 2022 Jun 27.
Millimeter wave (MM-wave) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are predicted to not produce penetrating effects in the body. The electric but not magnetic part of MM-EMFs are almost completely absorbed within the outer 1 mm of the body. Rodents are reported to have penetrating MM-wave impacts on the brain, the myocardium, liver, kidney and bone marrow. MM-waves produce electromagnetic sensitivity-like changes in rodent, frog and skate tissues. In humans, MM-waves have penetrating effects including impacts on the brain, producing EEG changes and other neurological/neuropsychiatric changes, increases in apparent electromagnetic hypersensitivity and produce changes on ulcers and cardiac activity. This review focuses on several issues required to understand penetrating effects of MM-waves and microwaves: 1. Electronically generated EMFs are coherent, producing much higher electrical and magnetic forces then do natural incoherent EMFs. 2. The fixed relationship between electrical and magnetic fields found in EMFs in a vacuum or highly permeable medium such as air, predicted by Maxwell's equations, breaks down in other materials. Specifically, MM-wave electrical fields are almost completely absorbed in the outer 1 mm of the body due to the high dielectric constant of biological aqueous phases. However, the magnetic fields are very highly penetrating. 3. Time-varying magnetic fields have central roles in producing highly penetrating effects. The primary mechanism of EMF action is voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation with the EMFs acting via their forces on the voltage sensor, rather than by depolarization of the plasma membrane. Two distinct mechanisms, an indirect and a direct mechanism, are consistent with and predicted by the physics, to explain penetrating MM-wave VGCC activation via the voltage sensor. Time-varying coherent magnetic fields, as predicted by the Maxwell-Faraday version of Faraday's law of induction, can put forces on ions dissolved in aqueous phases deep within the body, regenerating coherent electric fields which activate the VGCC voltage sensor. In addition, time-varying magnetic fields can directly put forces on the 20 charges in the VGCC voltage sensor. There are three very important findings here which are rarely recognized in the EMF scientific literature: coherence of electronically generated EMFs; the key role of time-varying magnetic fields in generating highly penetrating effects; the key role of both modulating and pure EMF pulses in greatly increasing very short term high level time-variation of magnetic and electric fields. It is probable that genuine safety guidelines must keep nanosecond timescale-variation of coherent electric and magnetic fields below some maximum level in order to produce genuine safety. These findings have important implications with regard to 5G radiation.
毫米波（MM 波）电磁场（EMF）预计不会对人体产生穿透效应。MM-EMF 的电场而非磁场部分几乎完全被身体外 1 毫米内所吸收。据报道，啮齿动物的大脑、心肌、肝脏、肾脏和骨髓会受到穿透性的 MM 波影响。MM 波会在啮齿动物、青蛙和鳐鱼组织中产生类似于电磁敏感性变化的效应。在人类中，MM 波具有穿透性影响，包括对大脑的影响，导致脑电图变化和其他神经/神经精神变化、明显的电磁超敏反应增加，并导致溃疡和心脏活动的变化。本综述重点关注理解 MM 波和微波穿透效应所需的几个问题：1. 电子产生的 EMF 是相干的，会产生比非相干 EMF 高得多的电场和磁场力。2. 麦克斯韦方程组预测的真空或高渗透性介质（如空气）中 EMF 的电场和磁场之间固定关系在其他材料中会失效。具体而言，由于生物水相的高介电常数，MM 波电场几乎完全被身体外 1 毫米所吸收。然而，磁场则具有很强的穿透性。3. 时变磁场在产生高穿透性效应方面起着核心作用。EMF 作用的主要机制是电压门控钙通道（VGCC）激活，而 EMF 则通过其对电压传感器的作用力起作用，而不是通过细胞膜去极化。两种截然不同的机制，即间接机制和直接机制，与物理原理一致，并预测了通过电压传感器穿透性 MM 波 VGCC 激活的机制。时变相干磁场，如麦克斯韦-法拉第版法拉第电磁感应定律所预测的那样，可以对溶解在身体深部水相中的离子施加力，重新生成激活 VGCC 电压传感器的相干电场。此外，时变磁场还可以直接对 VGCC 电压传感器中的 20 个电荷施加力。这里有三个非常重要的发现，这在 EMF 科学文献中很少被认识到：电子产生的 EMF 的相干性；时变磁场在产生高穿透性效应中的关键作用；调制和纯 EMF 脉冲在大大增加磁场和电场的非常短期高电平时间变化方面的关键作用。为了产生真正的安全性，很可能必须将电子产生的相干电场和磁场的纳秒时间尺度变化保持在某个最大值以下。这些发现对 5G 辐射具有重要意义。
