Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, Bjørknes University College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456, Oslo, Norway.
Division of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P. O. Box 23 Vinderen, 0319, Oslo, Norway.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Aug;127:689-708. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.019. Epub 2021 May 25.
The purpose of this article was to explore how individuals' position in a socioeconomic hierarchy is related to health behaviours that are related to socioeconomic disparities in health. We identified research which shows that: (a) low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with living in harsh environments, (b) harsh environments are related to increased levels of stress and inflammation, (c) stress and inflammation impact neural systems involved in self-control by sensitising the impulsive system and desensitising the reflective system, (d) the effects are inflated valuations of small immediate rewards and deflated valuations of larger delayed rewards, (e) these effects are observed as increased delay discounting, and (f) delay discounting is positively associated with practicing more unhealthy behaviours. The results are discussed within an adaptive evolutionary framework which lays out how the stress response system, and its interaction with the immune system and brain systems for decision-making and behaviours, provides the biopsychological mechanisms and regulatory shifts that make widespread conditional adaptability possible. Consequences for policy work, interventions, and future research are discussed.
本文旨在探讨个体在社会经济阶层中的地位与健康行为之间的关系，这些健康行为与健康方面的社会经济差异有关。我们发现研究表明：（a）低社会经济地位（SES）与生活在恶劣环境中有关，（b）恶劣环境与压力和炎症水平升高有关，（c）压力和炎症通过敏化冲动系统和脱敏反射系统来影响自我控制的神经系统，（d）这些影响表现为对小即时奖励的高估和对大延迟奖励的低估，（e）这些影响表现为延迟折扣增加，（f）延迟折扣与更不健康行为的实践呈正相关。该结果在适应性进化框架内进行了讨论，该框架阐述了应激反应系统及其与免疫系统以及决策和行为的大脑系统的相互作用，为广泛的条件适应性提供了生物心理机制和调节变化。讨论了对政策工作、干预措施和未来研究的影响。
