Deparment of Motor Behavior, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
Hum Mov Sci. 2021 Aug;78:102825. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102825. Epub 2021 May 26.
Research has shown the effectiveness of attentional instructions and observation on the performance and learning in children. However, there is little research on the effects of instruction that manipulates attentional focus during observation. The purpose of the study was to investigate performance following instructions that directed an individual to focus internally or externally during the viewing of a model. Eye tracking was also used to investigate the visual search strategy under different instructional groups. 24 children between the ages of 7 and 10 years were randomly divided into an internal (IFM) or external (EFM) modeling group. Children performed a 10-trial pre-test to measure throwing accuracy and quiet eye duration (QED). Following pre-test, children observed a model performing the correct overarm throw 10 times while eye movement was recorded. They then performed a 10-trial post-test. Results revealed that both groups improved accuracy from pre-test to post-test (p < .001) and increased QED from pre- to post-test (p < .001). It was also observed that EFM had greater accuracy and (p = .01) and longer QED (p < .001) than IFM during post-testing. Evidence was also observed for adherence to the attentional focus strategy as EFM and IFM looked more frequently at the specific cue provided (p < .001). Directing visual attention to the movement effects while observing a model significantly benefits motor performance and learning in children. Changing the focus of instruction to an external focus improved both throwing accuracy and increased QED.
研究表明，注意力指导和观察对儿童的表现和学习有积极影响。然而，关于在观察过程中操纵注意力焦点的指导对表现和学习的影响的研究却很少。本研究旨在调查在观看模型时指导个体将注意力集中在内部或外部时的表现。还使用眼动追踪来研究不同指导组下的视觉搜索策略。24 名 7 至 10 岁的儿童被随机分为内部（IFM）或外部（EFM）建模组。儿童进行了 10 次预测试，以测量投掷准确性和安静眼持续时间（QED）。在预测试之后，孩子们观察了一个模型进行 10 次正确的过顶投掷，同时记录了眼动。然后他们进行了 10 次后测。结果表明，两组的准确性都从预测试到后测试都有所提高（p<0.001），QED 也从预测试到后测试都有所增加（p<0.001）。还观察到，EFM 在后测试中比 IFM 具有更高的准确性（p=0.01）和更长的 QED（p<0.001）。EFM 和 IFM 更频繁地观察特定提示（p<0.001），这也证明了对注意力焦点策略的遵守。在观察模型时，将视觉注意力直接引导到运动效果上，显著有利于儿童的运动表现和学习。将指导重点从内部转移到外部，不仅提高了投掷准确性，还增加了 QED。
