Al-Abood Saleh A, Bennett Simon J, Hernandez Francisco Moreno, Ashford Derek, Davids Keith
Department of Physical Education and Movement Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA.
J Sports Sci. 2002 Mar;20(3):271-8. doi: 10.1080/026404102317284817.
We assessed the effects on basketball free throw performance of two types of verbal directions with an external attentional focus. Novices (n = 16) were pre-tested on free throw performance and assigned to two groups of similar ability (n = 8 in each). Both groups received verbal instructions with an external focus on either movement dynamics (movement form) or movement effects (e.g. ball trajectory relative to basket). The participants also observed a skilled model performing the task on either a small or large screen monitor, to ascertain the effects of visual presentation mode on task performance. After observation of six videotaped trials, all participants were given a post-test. Visual search patterns were monitored during observation and cross-referenced with performance on the pre- and post-test. Group effects were noted for verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies and free throw performance. The 'movement effects' group saw a significant improvement in outcome scores between the pre-test and post-test. These results supported evidence that this group spent more viewing time on information outside the body than the 'movement dynamics' group. Image size affected both groups equally with more fixations of shorter duration when viewing the small screen. The results support the benefits of instructions when observing a model with an external focus on movement effects, not dynamics.
我们评估了两种具有外部注意焦点的言语指导对篮球罚球表现的影响。新手（n = 16）先进行罚球表现的预测试，然后被分成两组能力相似的小组（每组n = 8）。两组都接受了具有外部注意焦点的言语指导，一组关注动作动力学（动作形式），另一组关注动作效果（例如球相对于篮筐的轨迹）。参与者还观察了一位熟练的示范者在小屏幕或大屏幕显示器上执行任务的过程，以确定视觉呈现模式对任务表现的影响。在观察六个录像试验后，所有参与者都进行了后测试。在观察过程中监测视觉搜索模式，并将其与预测试和后测试的表现进行交叉参考。记录了言语指导和图像大小对视觉搜索策略和罚球表现的分组效应。“动作效果”组在预测试和后测试之间的结果得分有显著提高。这些结果支持了这样的证据，即该组在身体外部信息上花费的观看时间比“动作动力学”组更多。图像大小对两组的影响相同，观看小屏幕时注视时间更短且注视次数更多。结果支持了在观察具有外部注意焦点的示范者时，关注动作效果而非动力学的指导的益处。
