Han Chunlei, Xu Rongbin, Zhang Yajuan, Yu Wenhua, Zhang Zhongwen, Morawska Lidia, Heyworth Jane, Jalaludin Bin, Morgan Geoffrey, Marks Guy, Abramson Michael, Sun Liwei, Li Shanshan, Guo Yuming
School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Oct 15;287:117211. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117211. Epub 2021 May 3.
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM) concentrations vary between countries with similar carbon dioxide (CO) emissions, which can be partially explained by differences in air pollution control efficacy. However, no indicator of air pollution control efficacy has yet been developed. We aimed to develop such an indicator, and to evaluate its global and temporal distribution and its association with country-level health metrics. A novel indicator, ambient population-weighted average PM concentration per unit per capita CO emission (PM/CO), was developed to assess country-specific air pollution control efficacy (abbreviated as APCI). We estimated and mapped the global average distribution of APCI and its changes during 2000-2016 across 196 countries. Pearson correlation coefficients and Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) were used to evaluate the relationship between APCI and health metrics. APCI varied by country with an inverse association with economic development. APCI showed an almost stable trend globally from 2000 to 2016, with the low-income groups increased and several countries (China, India, Bangladesh) decreased. The Pearson correlation coefficients between APCI and life expectancy at birth (LE), infant-mortality rate (IMR), under-five year of age mortality rate (U5MR) and logarithm of per capita GDP (LPGDP) were -0.57, 0.65, 0.66, -0.59 respectively (all P values < 0.001). APCI could explain international variation of LE, IMR and U5MR. The associations between APCI and LE, IMR, U5MR were independent of per capita GDP and climatic factors. We consider APCI to be a good indicator for air pollution control efficacy given its relation to important population health indicators. Our findings provide a new metric to interpret health inequity across the globe from the point of climate change and air pollution control efficacy.
空气动力学直径≤2.5微米的颗粒物（PM）浓度在二氧化碳（CO）排放量相似的国家之间存在差异，这可以部分归因于空气污染控制效果的不同。然而，尚未开发出空气污染控制效果的指标。我们旨在开发这样一个指标，并评估其全球和时间分布以及与国家层面健康指标的关联。我们开发了一个新指标，即单位人均CO排放量的环境人口加权平均PM浓度（PM/CO），以评估特定国家的空气污染控制效果（简称为APCI）。我们估计并绘制了2000 - 2016年期间196个国家APCI的全球平均分布及其变化情况。使用Pearson相关系数和广义相加混合模型（GAMM）来评估APCI与健康指标之间的关系。APCI因国家而异，与经济发展呈负相关。2000年至2016年期间，APCI在全球呈现出几乎稳定的趋势，低收入群体有所增加，而几个国家（中国、印度、孟加拉国）有所下降。APCI与出生时预期寿命（LE）、婴儿死亡率（IMR）、五岁以下儿童死亡率（U5MR）和人均GDP对数（LPGDP）之间的Pearson相关系数分别为-0.57、0.65、0.66、-0.59（所有P值<0.001）。APCI可以解释LE、IMR和U5MR的国际差异。APCI与LE、IMR、U5MR之间的关联独立于人均GDP和气候因素。鉴于其与重要的人群健康指标的关系，我们认为APCI是空气污染控制效果的一个良好指标。我们的研究结果提供了一个新的指标，从气候变化和空气污染控制效果的角度来解释全球范围内的健康不平等。
