Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
J Appl Toxicol. 2022 Jan;42(1):52-72. doi: 10.1002/jat.4206. Epub 2021 May 31.
Nanotechnology has revolutionized diverse fields, which include agriculture, the consumer market, medicine, and other fields. Widespread use of nanotechnology-based products has led to increased prevalence of these novel formulations in the environment, which has raised concerns regarding their deleterious effects. The application of nanotechnology-based formulations into clinical use is hampered by the lack of the availability of effective in vitro systems, which could accurately assess their in vivo toxic effects. A plethora of studies has shown the hazardous effects of nanoparticle-based formulations in two-dimensional in vitro cell cultures and animal models. These have some associated disadvantages when used for the evaluation of nano-toxicity. Organoid technology fills the space between existing two-dimensional cell line culture and in vivo models. The uniqueness of organoids over other systems for evaluating toxicity caused by nano-drug formulation includes them being a co-culture of diverse cell types, dynamic flow within them that simulates the actual flow of nanoparticles within biological systems, extensive cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions, and a tissue-like morphology. Thus, it mimics the actual tissue microenvironment and, subsequently, provides an opportunity to study drug metabolism and toxico-dynamics of nanotechnology-based novel formulations. The use of organoids in the evaluation of nano-drug toxicity is in its infancy. A limited number of studies conducted so far have shown good predictive value and efficiently significant data correlation with the clinical trials. In this review, we attempt to introduce organoids of the liver, lungs, brain, kidney intestine, and potential applications to evaluate toxicity caused by nanoparticles.
纳米技术已经彻底改变了农业、消费市场、医学和其他领域等多个领域。基于纳米技术的产品的广泛使用导致这些新型制剂在环境中的出现频率增加，这引起了人们对其有害影响的关注。基于纳米技术的制剂在临床应用中受到限制，因为缺乏有效的体外系统，无法准确评估其体内毒性作用。大量研究表明，基于纳米颗粒的制剂在二维体外细胞培养物和动物模型中具有有害作用。当用于评估纳米毒性时，这些系统存在一些相关的缺点。类器官技术填补了现有二维细胞系培养和体内模型之间的空白。类器官在评估纳米药物制剂引起的毒性方面优于其他系统的独特之处在于它们是多种细胞类型的共培养物，其中存在模拟生物系统中纳米颗粒实际流动的动态流动，广泛的细胞-细胞、细胞-基质相互作用以及类组织形态。因此，它模拟了实际的组织微环境，从而为研究药物代谢和基于纳米技术的新型制剂的毒动学提供了机会。类器官在评估纳米药物毒性中的应用还处于起步阶段。迄今为止进行的为数不多的研究表明，它具有良好的预测价值，并与临床试验有效地显著相关。在这篇综述中，我们试图介绍肝脏、肺、脑、肾、肠的类器官及其在评估纳米颗粒引起的毒性方面的潜在应用。
