Combining Protein Content and Grain Yield by Genetic Dissection in Bread Wheat under Low-Input Management.

The simultaneous improvement of protein content (PC) and grain yield (GY) in bread wheat ( L.) under low-input management enables the development of resource-use efficient varieties that combine high grain yield potential with desirable end-use quality. However, the complex mechanisms of genotype, management, and growing season, and the negative correlation between PC and GY complicate the simultaneous improvement of PC and GY under low-input management. To identify favorable genotypes for PC and GY under low-input management, this study used 209 wheat varieties, including strong gluten, medium-strong gluten, medium gluten, weak gluten, winter, semi-winter, weak-spring, and spring types, which has been promoted from the 1980s to the 2010s. Allelic genotyping, performed using kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) technology, found 69 types of GY-PC allelic combinations in the tested materials. Field trials were conducted with two growing season treatments (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) and two management treatments (conventional management and low-input management). Multi-environment analysis of variance showed that genotype, management, and growing season had extremely substantial effects on wheat GY and PC, respectively, and the interaction of management × growing season also had extremely significant effects on wheat GY. According to the three-sigma rule of the normal distribution, the GY of wheat varieties and were stable among the top 15.87% of all tested materials with high GY, and their PC reached mean levels under low-input management, but also stably expressed high GY and high PC under conventional management, which represents a great development potential. These varieties can be used as cultivars of interest for breeding because , , , and , which are related to GY, and , which is related to PC, carry favorable alleles, among which Hap-1/2, the allele of , and Glu-B3b/d/g/i, the allele of , can be stably expressed. Our results may be used to facilitate the development of high-yielding and high-quality wheat varieties under low-input management, which is critical for sustainable food and nutrition security.