Wang Zhijun, Erasmus Sara W, van Ruth Saskia M
Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Foods. 2021 May 8;10(5):1021. doi: 10.3390/foods10051021.
The stable isotopic ratios and elemental compositions of 120 banana samples, spp. (AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup) cultivar Williams, collected from six countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Peru), were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Growing conditions like altitude, temperature, rainfall and production system (organic or conventional cultivation) were obtained from the sampling farms. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed separation of the farms based on geographical origin and production system. The results showed a significant difference in the stable isotopic ratios (δC, δN, δO) and elemental compositions (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb) of the pulp and peel samples. Furthermore, δN was found to be a good marker for organically produced bananas. A correlation analysis was conducted to show the linkage of growing conditions and compositional attributes. The δC of pulp and peel were mainly negatively correlated with the rainfall, while δO was moderately positively (R values ~0.5) correlated with altitude and temperature. A moderate correlation was also found between temperature and elements such as Ba, Fe, Mn, Ni and Sr in the pulp and peel samples. The PCA results and correlation analysis suggested that the differences of banana compositions were combined effects of geographical factors and production systems. Ultimately, the findings contribute towards understanding the compositional differences of bananas due to different growing conditions and production systems linked to a defined origin; thereby offering a tool to support the traceability of commercial fruits.
对从六个国家（哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、巴拿马、秘鲁）采集的120份威廉姆斯品种（AAA组，卡文迪什亚组）香蕉样本的稳定同位素比率和元素组成，采用同位素比率质谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行了测定。从采样农场获取了海拔、温度、降雨量和生产系统（有机或传统种植）等生长条件。主成分分析（PCA）显示，各农场基于地理来源和生产系统存在区分。结果表明，果肉和果皮样本的稳定同位素比率（δC、δN、δO）和元素组成（Al、Ba、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Rb）存在显著差异。此外，发现δN是有机种植香蕉的良好标志物。进行了相关性分析以显示生长条件与成分属性之间的联系。果肉和果皮的δC主要与降雨量呈负相关，而δO与海拔和温度呈中度正相关（R值约为0.5）。在果肉和果皮样本中，温度与Ba、Fe、Mn、Ni和Sr等元素之间也发现了中度相关性。PCA结果和相关性分析表明，香蕉成分的差异是地理因素和生产系统共同作用的结果。最终，这些发现有助于理解由于与特定产地相关的不同生长条件和生产系统导致的香蕉成分差异；从而提供一种支持商业水果可追溯性的工具。
