Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Cad Saude Publica. 2021 May 28;37(5):e00269320. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00269320. eCollection 2021.
The experiences of homeless pregnant women create tensions in the public debate between individual guarantees and limits on State interventions. This article analyzes the scientific research on this issue, focusing on the biomedical, legal, and social arguments backing the positions in this debate. Based on an integrative review of Brazilian and international databases, the authors analyzed 21 studies and identified four propositions: Health risks for the woman and the fetus/child; Discourses on prenatal care; Rights of women and fetuses/children; and Meanings of motherhood. The article concludes that the experience of motherhood for these women is extremely complex, not only because of their homelessness, but due to the entire context, marked by unequal class, race, and gender relations. The Brazilian and international scenario features a discourse of protection and care for the fetus/infant that overrides care for the mother. The criminalization of homeless women's motherhood has been a global trend in which the expansion of "fetal/infant" rights translates as a cutback in the women's rights. Such an approach fails to encourage homeless women to seek social and health services, rather discouraging them from doing so. An ethical and humanitarian imperative is to conceive different approaches to care, grounded in a human rights perspective so that care for the fetus/child does not translate as violence against the mother.
无家可归孕妇的经历在个人保障和国家干预限制之间的公共辩论中造成了紧张局势。本文分析了这一问题的科学研究，重点关注支持这一辩论中立场的生物医学、法律和社会论点。基于对巴西和国际数据库的综合审查，作者分析了 21 项研究，并提出了四个命题：妇女和胎儿/儿童的健康风险；产前保健论述；妇女和胎儿/儿童的权利；以及母性的意义。本文得出结论，这些妇女的母体验极其复杂，不仅因为她们无家可归，而且还因为整个环境以不平等的阶级、种族和性别关系为特征。巴西和国际范围内存在一种保护和照顾胎儿/婴儿的话语，这种话语凌驾于对母亲的照顾之上。将无家可归妇女的母亲身份定为犯罪已经成为一种全球趋势，其中“胎儿/婴儿”权利的扩大意味着妇女权利的减少。这种方法不仅不能鼓励无家可归的妇女寻求社会和卫生服务，反而会使她们望而却步。从伦理和人道主义的角度出发，必须设想不同的关怀方法，以人权为基础，以便对胎儿/儿童的关怀不会转化为对母亲的暴力。
