Reading ability in children relates to rhythm perception across modalities.

The onset of reading ability is rife with individual differences, with some children termed "early readers" and some falling behind from the very beginning. Reading skill in children has been linked to an ability to remember nonverbal rhythms, specifically in the auditory modality. It has been hypothesized that the link between rhythm skills and reading reflects a shared reliance on the ability to extract temporal structure from sound. Here we tested this hypothesis by investigating whether the link between rhythm memory and reading depends on the modality in which rhythms are presented. We tested 75 primary school-aged children aged 7-11 years on a within-participants battery of reading and rhythm tasks. Participants received a reading efficiency task followed by three rhythm tasks (auditory, visual, and audiovisual). Results showed that children who performed poorly on the reading task also performed poorly on the tasks that required them to remember and repeat back nonverbal rhythms. In addition, these children showed a rhythmic deficit not just in the auditory domain but also in the visual domain. However, auditory rhythm memory explained additional variance in reading ability even after controlling for visual memory. These results suggest that reading ability and rhythm memory rely both on shared modality-general cognitive processes and on the ability to perceive the temporal structure of sound.