Antimicrobial consumption among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Pakistan.

The discovery of different antimicrobial agents has revolutionized the treatment against a variety of infections for many decades, but the emergence of antimicrobial resistance require rigorous measures, even amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This retrospective study aimed to examine the consumption of antibiotics in patients with COVID-19 admitted into the five hospitals in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. We collected data on the consumption of antibiotics, classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) AWaRe (Access, Watch, and Reserve), within two months-August and September, 2020, and the corresponding months in 2019. Consumption of antibiotics was presented as daily define dose (DDD) per 100 occupied bed-days. Eight different classes of antibiotics were prescribed to patients with COVID-19 without culture tests being performed, with the prescribing of antibiotics of the Watch category was especially prevalent. The consumption of antibiotics was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period: the consumption of azithromycin increased from 11.5 DDDs per 100 occupied bed-days in 2019 to 17.0 DDDs per 100 occupied bed-days in 2020, while the consumption of ceftriaxone increased from 20.2 DDDs per 100 occupied bed-days in 2019 to 25.1 DDDs per 100 occupied bed-days in 2020. The current study revealed non-evidence-based utilization of antibiotics among patients with COVID-19 admitted into the hospitals in Pakistan. Evidently, the current COVID-19 pandemic is a public health threat of notable dimensions which has compromised the ongoing antimicrobial stewardship program, potentially leading to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens.