State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.
School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021 Jul;20(7):797-810. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1939688. Epub 2021 Jun 15.
: Adjuvants are essential to vaccines for immunopotentiation in the elicitation of protective immunity. However, classical and widely used aluminum-based adjuvants have limited capacity to induce cellular response. There are increasing needs for appropriate adjuvants with improved profiles for vaccine development toward emerging pathogens. Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with immunomodulatory activity and particulate nanocarriers for effective antigen presentation are capable of eliciting a more balanced humoral and cellular immune response.: We reviewed several carbohydrates with immunomodulatory properties. They include chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and saponins, which have been used in vaccine formulations. The mode of action, the preparation methods, characterization of these carbohydrate-containing NPs and the corresponding vaccines are presented.: Several carbohydrate-containing NPs have entered the clinical stage or have been used in licensed vaccines for human use. Saponin-containing NPs are being evaluated in a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen causing the on-going worldwide pandemic. Vaccines with carbohydrate-containing NPs are in different stages of development, from preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials. A better understanding of the mode of action for carbohydrate-containing NPs as vaccine carriers and as immunostimulators will likely contribute to the design and development of new generation vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases.
佐剂对于疫苗在引发保护性免疫方面的免疫增强作用至关重要。然而，传统的、广泛使用的铝基佐剂诱导细胞反应的能力有限。对于开发针对新出现病原体的疫苗，人们越来越需要具有改善特性的合适佐剂。具有免疫调节活性的含碳水化合物纳米颗粒（NPs）和有效的抗原呈递的颗粒纳米载体能够引发更平衡的体液和细胞免疫反应。我们综述了几种具有免疫调节特性的碳水化合物。它们包括壳聚糖、β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖和皂苷，已被用于疫苗配方中。介绍了这些含碳水化合物 NPs 的作用方式、制备方法、表征以及相应的疫苗。几种含碳水化合物的 NPs 已进入临床阶段或已用于人类使用的许可疫苗中。含有皂苷的 NPs 正在评估用于对抗导致当前全球大流行的 SARS-CoV-2 病原体的疫苗。含有碳水化合物的 NPs 的疫苗处于不同的开发阶段，从临床前研究到后期临床试验。更好地了解含碳水化合物的 NPs 作为疫苗载体和免疫刺激剂的作用方式，可能有助于设计和开发针对癌症和传染病的新一代疫苗。
