Stefanis C
NIDA Res Monogr. 1978(19):149-78.
In this paper the results of a multidisciplinary long term and controlled study on chronic cannabis use are critically reviewed. The first part of the study consisted of: (a) standardization of methods and identification of the experimental sample of chronic cannabis users and matched controls; (b) comparison of the two groups on a number of variables following administration of a battery of medical, psychiatric, neurophysiologic, and psychologic tests; (c) acute cannabis inhalation experiments during which the effect of cannabis preparations of various strengths and of THC-delta-9 were studied in relation to behavioral, psychologic, neurophysiologic, and psychophysiologic responses; (d) identificaiton of possible withdrawal symptoms during a 3-day abstinence period and reintroduction of hashish use. The second part of the study consisted of: (a) a controlled histochemical and electron-microscopic investigation of blood cells and sperm, aimed at revealing changes produced by cannabis at the molecular level, particularly in the cell-nuclear area; (b) a biochemical investigation of changes in biogenic amines and substances related to their metabolism and function during cannabis pre-smoking and postsmoking periods. Our findings from the first part of the study failed to distinguish users from nonusers on most of the investigated parameters. However, they provided useful information on a variety of controversial issues and revealed methodological limitations which should guide future research. Our findings from the second part of the study, although still preliminary, clearly indicate that cannabis use affects cell-nuclear metabolism and produces changes on the molecular level potentially significant for man's biologic functioning. Furthermore findings from this part of this study indicated that cannabis' acute effects in man are correlated with changes in metabolism directly related to biogenic amine biosynthesis and function. It is concluded that despite advances in recent years cannabis research has still a long way to go before providing the definitive answers to the very important questions arising from its habitual use by man.
本文对一项关于长期慢性使用大麻的多学科对照研究结果进行了批判性综述。该研究的第一部分包括：（a）方法标准化以及慢性大麻使用者和匹配对照组实验样本的确定；（b）在进行一系列医学、精神病学、神经生理学和心理学测试后，对两组在多个变量上进行比较；（c）急性大麻吸入实验，期间研究了不同强度的大麻制剂和δ-9-四氢大麻酚对行为、心理、神经生理和心理生理反应的影响；（d）在3天的戒断期内确定可能的戒断症状，并重新引入大麻使用。该研究的第二部分包括：（a）对血细胞和精子进行对照组织化学和电子显微镜研究，旨在揭示大麻在分子水平上产生的变化，特别是在细胞核区域；（b）对大麻吸食前和吸食后生物胺及其相关代谢和功能物质变化的生化研究。我们从研究第一部分得出的结果在大多数调查参数上未能区分使用者和非使用者。然而，它们为各种有争议的问题提供了有用信息，并揭示了方法上的局限性，这些局限性应指导未来的研究。我们从研究第二部分得出的结果虽然仍属初步，但清楚地表明，使用大麻会影响细胞核代谢，并在分子水平上产生对人类生物功能可能具有重要意义的变化。此外，该研究这一部分的结果表明，大麻对人类的急性影响与直接与生物胺生物合成和功能相关的代谢变化有关。得出的结论是，尽管近年来大麻研究取得了进展，但在为人类习惯性使用大麻所引发的非常重要的问题提供明确答案之前，仍有很长的路要走。
