University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Oct 10;790:148143. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148143. Epub 2021 May 29.
Large quantities of strobilurin fungicides (SFs) are used worldwide, resulting in adverse effects on non-target organisms. SFs affect the reproduction and embryonic development of aquatic organisms, while the impact on soil organisms has been insufficiently researched. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three SFs (azoxystrobin (AZO), pyraclostrobin (PYR), and trifloxystrobin (TRI)) on the survival, reproduction, and hatching success of the non-target soil oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus. The standard enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) showed that, regarding survival, TRI (LC = 2.34 mg/kg) was the most toxic, followed by PYR (LC = 4.26 mg/kg) and AZO (LC ≥150 mg/kg). Reproduction was affected in the same order (TRI EC = 0.045 mg/kg, PYR EC = 1.85 mg/kg, and AZO EC = 93.10 mg/kg). Exposure to AZO and PYR showed a negative impact on hatching success with a significant increase in the number of unhatched cocoons. Prolonged hatching test was consequently carried out. As a result, a hatching delay was observed at lower AZO and PYR concentrations, while at higher concentrations hatching was completely stopped as the cocoons were no longer viable. Hence, hatching test enabled a discrimination between hatching delay and hatching impairment. Besides demonstrating the adverse effects of AZO, PYR, and TRI on the survival, reproduction, and hatching success of E. crypticus, the obtained results indicate the convenience of using several endpoints in reproduction tests. The usage of prolonged hatching tests and monitoring of hatching dynamics could fill the gap between standard reproduction tests and multigeneration tests and allow a better understanding of the adverse effects on reproduction.
大量的苯并烯氟菌唑类杀菌剂（SFs）在全球范围内使用，对非靶标生物产生了不良影响。SFs 影响水生生物的繁殖和胚胎发育，而对土壤生物的影响研究不足。因此，我们研究了三种 SFs（唑菌胺酯（AZO）、吡唑醚菌酯（PYR）和肟菌酯（TRI））对非靶标土壤寡毛类环节动物真涡虫（E. crypticus）的生存、繁殖和孵化成功率的影响。标准的环节动物繁殖试验（ERT）表明，就生存而言，TRI（LC=2.34mg/kg）毒性最强，其次是 PYR（LC=4.26mg/kg）和 AZO（LC≥150mg/kg）。繁殖也按相同顺序受到影响（TRI EC=0.045mg/kg，PYR EC=1.85mg/kg，和 AZO EC=93.10mg/kg）。暴露于 AZO 和 PYR 对孵化成功率产生负面影响，未孵化茧的数量显著增加。因此进行了延长孵化试验。结果表明，在较低的 AZO 和 PYR 浓度下观察到孵化延迟，而在较高浓度下孵化完全停止，因为茧不再具有活力。因此，孵化试验能够区分孵化延迟和孵化障碍。除了证明 AZO、PYR 和 TRI 对 E. crypticus 的生存、繁殖和孵化成功率产生不利影响外，所得结果还表明在繁殖试验中使用多个终点的便利性。延长孵化试验的使用和孵化动态监测可以填补标准繁殖试验和多代试验之间的空白，使人们更好地了解对繁殖的不利影响。
