Trading relations in the perception of /r/-/l/ by Japanese learners of English.

The role of language-specific factors in phonetically based trading relations was examined by assessing the ability of 20 native Japanese speakers to identify and discriminate stimuli of two synthetic /r/-/l/ series that varied temporal and spectral parameters independently. Results of forced-choice identification and oddity discrimination tasks showed that the nine Japanese subjects who were able to identify /r/ and /l/ reliably demonstrated a trading relation similar to that of Americans. Discrimination results reflected the perceptual equivalence of temporal and spectral parameters. Discrimination by the 11 Japanese subjects who were unable to identify the /r/-/l/ series differed significantly from the skilled Japanese subjects and native English speakers. However, their performance could not be predicted on the basis of acoustic dissimilarity alone. These results provide evidence that the trading relation between temporal and spectral cues for the /r/-/l/ contrast is not solely attributable to general auditory or language-universal phonetic processing constraints, but rather is also a function of phonemic processes that can be modified in the course of learning a second language.