Skalny Anatoly V, Aschner Michael, Tinkov Alexey A
IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.
IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
Adv Food Nutr Res. 2021;96:251-310. doi: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.01.003. Epub 2021 May 24.
Since the discovery of manifest Zn deficiency in 1961, the increasing number of studies demonstrated the association between altered Zn status and multiple diseases. In this chapter, we provide a review of the most recent advances on the role of Zn in health and disease (2010-20), with a special focus on the role of Zn in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, diabetes and obesity, male and female reproduction, as well as COVID-19. In parallel with the revealed tight association between ASD risk and severity and Zn status, the particular mechanisms linking Zn and ASD pathogenesis like modulation of synaptic plasticity through ProSAP/Shank scaffold, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gut microbiota, have been elucidated. The increasing body of data indicate the potential involvement of Zn metabolism in neurodegeneration. Systemic Zn levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease were found to be reduced, whereas its sequestration in brain may result in modulation of amyloid β and α-synuclein processing with subsequent toxic effects. Zn was shown to possess adipotropic effects through the role of zinc transporters, zinc finger proteins, and Zn-α2-glycoprotein in adipose tissue physiology, underlying its particular role in pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Recent findings also contribute to further understanding of the role of Zn2+ in spermatogenesis and sperm functioning, as well as oocyte development and fertilization. Finally, Zn was shown to be the potential adjuvant therapy in management of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), underlining the perspectives of zinc in management of old and new threats.
自1961年发现明显的锌缺乏以来，越来越多的研究表明锌状态改变与多种疾病之间存在关联。在本章中，我们综述了2010年至2020年锌在健康和疾病中作用的最新进展，特别关注锌在神经退行性和神经发育障碍、糖尿病和肥胖症、男性和女性生殖以及2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）中的作用。与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）风险和严重程度与锌状态之间紧密关联的揭示同时，锌与ASD发病机制之间的特定机制，如通过ProSAP/Shank支架调节突触可塑性、神经递质代谢和肠道微生物群，已得到阐明。越来越多的数据表明锌代谢可能参与神经退行性变。在阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病中发现全身锌水平降低，而其在大脑中的螯合可能导致淀粉样β蛋白和α-突触核蛋白加工的调节，随后产生毒性作用。锌通过锌转运体、锌指蛋白和锌-α2-糖蛋白在脂肪组织生理中的作用表现出促脂肪生成作用，这是其在肥胖症和2型糖尿病发病机制中特殊作用的基础。最近的研究结果也有助于进一步了解锌离子在精子发生和精子功能以及卵母细胞发育和受精中的作用。最后，锌被证明是新型冠状病毒感染（COVID-19）管理中的潜在辅助治疗方法，突出了锌在应对新老威胁方面的前景。
