Department of Renal Medicine, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
Department of Radiology, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2021 Jan-Feb;32(1):174-182. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.318520.
Ultrasound (US) is a noninvasive, simple and safe imaging investigation that can be done as many times as needed. Therefore, it is the primary imaging modality for evaluating kidneys. We carried out a literature review of information about ultrasonography for clinicians, especially nephrologists. US utilization from prenatal time till adult life with various measurements including, length, width, depth, and volume was searched during 2019. US identifies 90% of fetal kidneys by 20 weeks of gestational age. Kidney weight and volume at birth are approximately only 10% of the mature kidney. Kidney growth is most rapid during the first few weeks of life, with the kidney length increasing by as much as 15-20% in full-term neonates. There is a good correlation between relative function shown by scintigraphy and relative volume estimated from sonography. The most accurate measurement of kidney size is provided by kidney volume, which is correlated with subject's height, weight, and total body area. Kidney length is the most easily reproduced. Kidney volume is a better approximation of size than length because of the shape of the kidney varies considerably, but it is technically more demanding and needs four measurements in two different planes. It has been shown that in normal adult kidneys, the sonography measurements of kidney length differ by values of between about 1 cm and 1.85 cm in 95% of the cases, irrespective of whether the measurements are performed by the same or by different sonographers. Measuring the renal parenchyma with US is a novel method to assess fetal kidney development and predict future renal function.
超声（US）是一种非侵入性、简单且安全的成像检查，可以根据需要进行多次。因此，它是评估肾脏的主要成像方式。我们对临床医生（尤其是肾病学家）的超声文献进行了综述。在 2019 年期间，我们搜索了从产前到成年期的各种测量值（包括长度、宽度、深度和体积）的超声利用情况。US 可在妊娠 20 周时识别出 90%的胎儿肾脏。出生时肾脏的重量和体积仅为成熟肾脏的 10%左右。在生命的最初几周内，肾脏生长最快，足月新生儿的肾脏长度增加了 15-20%。闪烁显像术显示的相对功能与超声估计的相对体积之间存在良好的相关性。通过超声检查，肾脏体积可以提供最准确的肾脏大小测量值，其与患者的身高、体重和总体表面积相关。肾脏长度最容易复制。由于肾脏的形状变化很大，因此肾脏体积比长度更能准确地反映肾脏的大小，但它在技术上更具挑战性，需要在两个不同的平面上进行四次测量。研究表明，在正常成人肾脏中，95%的情况下，肾脏长度的超声测量值相差约 1 厘米至 1.85 厘米，无论这些测量值是由同一位还是不同的超声医师进行的。使用 US 测量肾实质是一种评估胎儿肾脏发育和预测未来肾功能的新方法。
