Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2021 Oct;36(10):889-898. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.010. Epub 2021 Jun 16.
Historic approaches to understanding biological responses to climate change have viewed climate as something external that happens to organisms. Organisms, however, at least partially influence their own climate experience by moving within local mosaics of microclimates. Such behaviors are increasingly being incorporated into models of species distributions and climate sensitivity. Less attention has focused on how organisms alter microclimates via extended phenotypes: phenotypes that extend beyond the organismal surface, including structures that are induced or built. We argue that predicting the consequences of climate change for organismal performance and fitness will depend on understanding the expression and consequences of extended phenotypes, the microclimatic niches they generate, and the power of plasticity and evolution to shape those niches.
历史上人们对生物如何应对气候变化的理解，将气候视为一种外部因素，作用于生物体。然而，生物体至少可以通过在局部微气候镶嵌体中移动，在一定程度上影响自己的气候体验。这种行为越来越多地被纳入物种分布和气候敏感性模型中。然而，人们对生物体如何通过扩展表型来改变微气候的关注较少：扩展表型是指超出生物体表面的表型，包括诱导或构建的结构。我们认为，预测气候变化对生物体表现和适应性的影响，将取决于对扩展表型的表达和后果、它们所产生的微气候小生境以及可塑性和进化塑造这些小生境的能力的理解。
