Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, Bonn, 53115, Germany.
Department of Earth and Ocean Dynamics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2021 Dec;96(6):2476-2488. doi: 10.1111/brv.12763. Epub 2021 Jun 23.
Insect-fungus mutualism is one of the better-studied symbiotic interactions in nature. Ambrosia fungi are an ecological assemblage of unrelated fungi that are cultivated by ambrosia beetles in their galleries as obligate food for larvae. Despite recently increased research interest, it remains unclear which ecological factors facilitated the origin of fungus farming, and how it transformed into a symbiotic relationship with obligate dependency. It is clear from phylogenetic analyses that this symbiosis evolved independently many times in several beetle and fungus lineages. However, there is a mismatch between palaeontological and phylogenetic data. Herein we review, for the first time, the ambrosia system from a palaeontological perspective. Although largely ignored, families such as Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae should be included in the list of ambrosia beetles because some of their species cultivate ambrosia fungi. The estimated origin for some groups of ambrosia fungi during the Cretaceous concurs with a known high diversity of Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae at that time. Although potentially older, the greatest radiation of various ambrosia beetle lineages occurred in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae during the Eocene. In this review we explore the evolutionary relationship between ambrosia beetles, fungi and their host trees, which is likely to have persisted for longer than previously supposed.
昆虫-真菌共生关系是自然界中研究得较好的共生关系之一。粉状真菌是一组不相关真菌的生态组合，被粉状甲虫在其坑道中培育，作为幼虫的必需食物。尽管最近研究兴趣增加，但仍不清楚哪些生态因素促成了真菌养殖的起源，以及它如何转变为与专性依赖的共生关系。从系统发育分析清楚地表明，这种共生关系在几个甲虫和真菌谱系中多次独立进化。然而，古生物学和系统发育学数据之间存在不匹配。本文首次从古生物学的角度综述了粉状真菌系统。尽管粉状真菌系统在很大程度上被忽视了，但象甲科和拟步甲科等科也应该包括在粉状甲虫的名单中，因为它们的一些物种也培育粉状真菌。在白垩纪，一些粉状真菌的估计起源与当时已知的象甲科和拟步甲科的高多样性相吻合。尽管潜在的历史更久远，但各种粉状甲虫谱系的最大辐射发生在象甲亚科的长角象甲科和扁甲科中，时间在始新世。在本综述中，我们探讨了粉状甲虫、真菌及其宿主树木之间的进化关系，这可能比之前认为的要持久。
