Pereira Renato Crespo, Sudatti Daniela Bueno, Moreira Thaise S G, Ventura Carlos Renato R
Department of Marine Biology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Invertebrate Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
PeerJ. 2021 Jun 18;9:e11503. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11503. eCollection 2021.
To date, evidence regarding the performance of secondary metabolites from larval stages of sea stars as an anti-predation defense relates only to a few species/specimens from a few geographic ranges. Unfortunately, this hinders a comprehensive global understanding of this inter-specific predator-prey interaction. Here, we present laboratory experimental evidence of chemical defense action in the early developmental stages and adults of the sea star () from Brazil against sympatric and allopatric invertebrate consumers. Blastulae, early and late brachiolarias of . (.) were not consumed by the sympatric and allopatric crabs . Blastulae were also avoided by the sympatric and allopatric individuals of the anemone , but not the larval stages. Extracts from embryos (blastula) and brachiolarias of . (.) from one sampled population (João Fernandes beach) significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric , but not by allopatric crabs and anemone. In this same site, extracts from adults . (.) significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric and allopatric specimens of the crab in a range of concentrations. Whereas equivalent extract concentrations of . (.) from other population (Itaipu beach)inhibited the predation by allopatric , while sympatric individuals of this crab avoided the only the higher level tested. Then, early stages and adult specimens of . (.) can be chemically defended against consumers, but this action is quite variable, depending on the type (anemone or crab) and the origin of the consumer (sympatric or allopatric).
迄今为止，关于海星幼虫阶段次生代谢产物作为一种抗捕食防御机制的证据仅涉及少数地理区域的少数物种/样本。不幸的是，这阻碍了对这种种间捕食者 - 猎物相互作用的全面全球理解。在此，我们展示了来自巴西的海星（）早期发育阶段和成体对同域和异域无脊椎动物消费者的化学防御作用的实验室实验证据。（）的囊胚、早期和晚期腕幼虫未被同域和异域螃蟹消耗。囊胚也被同域和异域海葵个体避开，但幼虫阶段未被避开。来自一个采样种群（若昂·费尔南德斯海滩）的（）胚胎（囊胚）和腕幼虫提取物显著抑制了同域螃蟹的摄食，但对异域螃蟹和海葵没有抑制作用。在同一地点，（）成体提取物在一定浓度范围内显著抑制了同域和异域螃蟹样本的摄食。而来自其他种群（伊泰普海滩）的（）等效提取物浓度抑制了异域螃蟹的捕食，而这种螃蟹的同域个体仅避开了测试的最高浓度。因此，（）的早期阶段和成体样本可以通过化学方式抵御消费者，但这种作用差异很大，取决于消费者的类型（海葵或螃蟹）以及消费者的来源（同域或异域）。
