Sumner L W
Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, Canada.
J Med Philos. 1988 May;13(2):159-75. doi: 10.1093/jmp/13.2.159.
Animal liberationists tend to divide into two mutually antagonistic camps: animal welfarists, who share a utilitarian moral outlook, and animal rightists, who presuppose a structure of basic rights. However, the gap between these groups tends to be exaggerated by their allegiance to oversimplified versions of their favored moral frameworks. For their part, animal rightists should acknowledge that rights, however basic, are also defeasible by appeals to consequences. Contrariwise, animal welfarists should recognize that rights, however derivative, are capable of constraining appeals to consequences. If both sides move to more defensible theoretical positions, their remaining differences on that level may be compatible with a broad area of convergence on practical issues.
动物福利主义者，他们秉持功利主义的道德观念；以及动物权利主义者，他们预设了基本权利的架构。然而，这两个群体之间的差距往往因他们对各自青睐的道德框架的过度简化版本的忠诚而被夸大。就动物权利主义者而言，他们应该承认，权利无论多么基本，也可因诉诸后果而被推翻。相反，动物福利主义者应该认识到，权利无论多么派生，都能够对诉诸后果加以限制。如果双方都转向更具辩护力的理论立场，那么他们在这一层面上剩下的分歧可能与实践问题上的广泛趋同领域是相容的。
