Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1296:291-307. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-59038-3_18.
Penile cancer is rare but associated with a high morbidity and mortality once metastasized. Besides presenting a fundamental overview of penile cancer, the current literature on key players associated with the pathogenesis of penile cancer including common labor chemistry parameters [neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein CrP)], programmed cell death 1 (PD1)/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1), regulatory T cells (Tregs), forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3, also known as scurfin), Ki-67 (also known as MKI67), protein 53 (p53), and pericytes has been reviewed and summarized. Furthermore, future directions and an overview of ongoing clinical trials are provided to highlight potential avenues that could improve cancer-specific and overall survival.
阴茎癌较为罕见，但一旦发生转移，其发病率和死亡率很高。除了对阴茎癌进行基本概述外，目前的文献还对与阴茎癌发病机制相关的关键因素进行了综述，包括常见的劳工化学参数[中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）和 C 反应蛋白（CrP）]、程序性细胞死亡 1（PD1）/程序性死亡配体 1（PD-L1）、调节性 T 细胞（Tregs）、叉头框蛋白 3（FoxP3，也称为 scurfin）、Ki-67（也称为 MKI67）、蛋白 53（p53）和周细胞。此外，还提供了未来的方向和正在进行的临床试验概述，以突出可能改善癌症特异性和总体生存率的潜在途径。
