Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, USA.
HonorHealth Research Institute, Scottsdale, USA.
Clin Transl Med. 2021 Jun;11(6):e461. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.461.
Several clinical examinations have shown the essential impact of monitoring (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) in cancer patients. There are multiple risk factors associated with (de)hydration, including aging, excessive or lack of fluid consumption in sports, alcohol consumption, hot weather, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, diarrhea, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, and use of diuretics. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance mainly involves alterations in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in extracellular fluids. Hyponatremia is a common condition among individuals with cancer (62% of cases), along with hypokalemia (40%), hypophosphatemia (32%), hypomagnesemia (17%), hypocalcemia (12%), and hypernatremia (1-5%). Lack of hydration and monitoring of hydration status can lead to severe complications, such as nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, seizures, cell swelling or shrinking, kidney failure, shock, coma, and even death. This article aims to review the current (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technologies focusing on cancer. First, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological implications of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in cancer patients. Second, we explore the different molecular and physical monitoring methods used to measure fluid and electrolyte imbalance and the measurement challenges in diverse populations. Hydration status is assessed in various indices; plasma, sweat, tear, saliva, urine, body mass, interstitial fluid, and skin-integration techniques have been extensively investigated. No unified (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technology exists for different populations (including sports, elderly, children, and cancer). Establishing novel methods and technologies to facilitate and unify measurements of hydration status represents an excellent opportunity to develop impactful new approaches for patient care.
多项临床检查表明，监测（脱水）（液体和电解质失衡）对癌症患者至关重要。脱水与多种风险因素相关，包括衰老、运动中液体摄入过多或不足、饮酒、炎热天气、尿崩症、呕吐、腹泻、癌症、放疗、化疗和使用利尿剂。液体和电解质失衡主要涉及细胞外液中钠、钾、钙和镁水平的改变。低钠血症是癌症患者的常见病症（占 62%），同时还伴有低钾血症（40%）、低磷血症（32%）、低镁血症（17%）、低钙血症（12%）和高钠血症（1-5%）。脱水和脱水状态监测不足会导致严重并发症，如恶心/呕吐、腹泻、疲劳、癫痫发作、细胞肿胀或缩小、肾衰竭、休克、昏迷，甚至死亡。本文旨在综述当前针对癌症患者的（脱水）（液体和电解质失衡）监测技术。首先，我们讨论了癌症患者液体和电解质失衡的生理和病理生理学意义。其次，我们探讨了用于测量液体和电解质失衡的不同分子和物理监测方法以及在不同人群中测量的挑战。脱水状态通过多种指标进行评估，包括血浆、汗液、眼泪、唾液、尿液、体重、间质液和皮肤整合技术。不同人群（包括运动、老年人、儿童和癌症患者）中不存在统一的（脱水）（液体和电解质失衡）监测技术。为不同人群建立新的方法和技术来促进和统一测量脱水状态是开发对患者护理有重大影响的新方法的绝佳机会。
