Annas Salleh, Zamri-Saad Mohd
Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
Animals (Basel). 2021 Jun 24;11(7):1876. doi: 10.3390/ani11071876.
The world is currently facing an ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The disease is a highly contagious respiratory disease which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current control measures used by many countries include social distancing, wearing face masks, frequent hand washing, self-isolation, and vaccination. The current commercially available vaccines are injectable vaccines, although a few intranasal vaccines are in trial stages. The reported side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, perceptions towards the safety of the vaccines, and frequent mutation of the virus may lead to poor herd immunity. In veterinary medicine, attaining herd immunity is one of the main considerations in disease control, and herd immunity depends on the use of efficacious vaccines and the vaccination coverage in a population. Hence, many aerosol or intranasal vaccines have been developed to control veterinary respiratory diseases such as Newcastle disease, rinderpest, infectious bronchitis, and haemorrhagic septicaemia. Different vaccine technologies could be employed to improve vaccination coverage, including the usage of an intranasal live recombinant vaccine or live mutant vaccine. This paper discusses the potential use of intranasal vaccination strategies against human COVID-19, based on a veterinary intranasal vaccine strategy.
目前,世界正面临2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行。该疾病是一种由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的高度传染性呼吸道疾病。许多国家目前采用的控制措施包括保持社交距离、佩戴口罩、勤洗手、自我隔离和接种疫苗。目前市面上的疫苗均为注射用疫苗,不过有几种鼻内疫苗正处于试验阶段。COVID-19疫苗报告的副作用、人们对疫苗安全性的看法以及病毒的频繁变异可能导致群体免疫效果不佳。在兽医学中,实现群体免疫是疾病控制的主要考虑因素之一,群体免疫取决于有效疫苗的使用和人群中的疫苗接种覆盖率。因此,已经开发了许多气溶胶或鼻内疫苗来控制兽医呼吸道疾病,如新城疫、牛瘟、传染性支气管炎和出血性败血症。可以采用不同的疫苗技术来提高疫苗接种覆盖率,包括使用鼻内活重组疫苗或活突变疫苗。本文基于兽用鼻内疫苗策略,探讨了鼻内接种策略在人类COVID-19防治中的潜在应用。