School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia.
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia.
Behav Res Ther. 2021 Sep;144:103921. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103921. Epub 2021 Jun 25.
Recent studies have shown that extinction training including the conditional stimulus (CS+) and stimuli similar to the CS + enhances extinction retention and generalisation to novel stimuli. The aim of the present study was to confirm that these effects are specific to presenting stimuli similar to the CS+ during extinction and not merely an effect of additional trials or additional stimuli unrelated to the CS+. In an experiment conducted in a single session on the same day, participants (134 adults; 70.7% female; 17-40 years of age, M = 20.04, SD = 4.36) completed a habituation phase followed by an acquisition phase using dog images presented with (CS+) and without (CS-) a dog growl paired with a scream unconditional stimulus (US). Participants were randomly allocated to four extinction conditions: Multiple exemplar extinction comprising the CSs and two novel dog images similar to the CS+; Standard extinction control matched for the number of CS+ and CS- presentations; Extended extinction control matched for the total number extinction trials, and Other stimuli extinction control comprising the CSs and two novel stimuli unrelated to the CS+. All participants completed an extinction test with the original CSs followed by a generalisation test with two novel dog images. Multiple, Standard and Other stimuli extinction groups exhibited larger skin conductance responses (SCRs) during extinction to the CSs compared to the Extended extinction group. SCRs to the additional dog images in the Multiple group were larger than SCRs to the additional CSs in the Extended group and the novel images in the Other stimuli group. There were no group differences in responses to the CSs during extinction test. Unlike the other groups, SCRs to the first presentation of the novel generalisation dogs did not differ from those to the last CS trials in extinction in the Multiple group. However, this group difference did not persist beyond the initial generalisation trial. Finally, the Multiple, Extended, and Other stimuli groups exhibited more negative CS evaluations after extinction, extinction test, and generalisation test than the Standard extinction group. The results suggest that extinction with the original CSs and additional stimuli resembling the CS + elevated physiological responses during extinction and reduced physiological responses to novel stimuli similar to the CSs. Further studies are needed including clinical samples and trial-by-trial evaluations of the stimuli presented.
最近的研究表明，包括条件刺激（CS+）和与 CS+相似的刺激在内的灭绝训练可以增强灭绝保持和对新刺激的泛化。本研究的目的是证实这些效果是特定于在灭绝过程中呈现与 CS+相似的刺激，而不仅仅是额外试验或与 CS+无关的额外刺激的效果。在同一天的一次单一会议中进行的实验中，参与者（134 名成年人；70.7%为女性；17-40 岁，M=20.04，SD=4.36）完成了一个习惯化阶段，然后使用带有（CS+）和不带有（CS-）狗叫声的狗图像完成了一个获得阶段无条件刺激（US）。参与者被随机分配到四个灭绝条件：包含 CS 和两个与 CS+相似的新狗图像的多个示例灭绝；与 CS+和 CS-呈现次数匹配的标准灭绝控制；与总灭绝试验次数匹配的扩展灭绝控制；包含 CS 和两个与 CS 无关的新刺激的其他刺激灭绝控制。所有参与者都完成了原始 CS 的灭绝测试，然后进行了与两个新的狗图像的泛化测试。与扩展灭绝组相比，在灭绝过程中，多个、标准和其他刺激灭绝组对 CS 的皮肤电反应（SCR）更大。在多个组中，对额外的狗图像的 SCR 大于在扩展组中对额外的 CS 的 SCR，以及在其他刺激组中对新图像的 SCR。在灭绝测试中，各组对 CS 的反应没有差异。与其他组不同，在多个组中，新的泛化狗的第一次呈现的 SCR 与灭绝过程中的最后 CS 试验的 SCR 没有差异。然而，这种组间差异在最初的泛化试验之后并没有持续。最后，多个、扩展和其他刺激组在灭绝后、灭绝测试和泛化测试中对 CS 的评价比标准灭绝组更负面。结果表明，用原始 CS 和与 CS+相似的额外刺激进行灭绝会在灭绝过程中提高生理反应，并降低对与 CS 相似的新刺激的生理反应。还需要进一步的研究，包括临床样本和对呈现的刺激的逐次评估。
