Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
J Adolesc Health. 2021 Jul;69(1S):S56-S63. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.025.
This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex.
Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95-3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86-11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07-9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls.
Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.
本研究评估了性别规范在印度尼西亚三个城市贫困地区青少年遭受不良童年经历（ACEs）与同伴暴力之间关系中的作用。
本研究在印度尼西亚的班达楠榜、登巴萨和三宝垄进行了一项横断面研究。共纳入 2974 名 10-14 岁的参与者（男孩：44.79%，女孩：55.21%）。采用逻辑回归、中介和调节分析进行性别分层。
男孩和女孩中同伴暴力的危险因素包括三种（男孩：调整后的优势比[aOR]2.51，95%置信区间[CI]1.32-4.75；女孩：aOR 1.82，95% CI.95-3.52）和四种或更多（男孩：aOR 6.75，95% CI 3.86-11.80；女孩：aOR 5.37，95% CI 3.07-9.37）ACE 史。男孩中同伴暴力的危险因素包括具有不平等的性双重标准（SDS）指数（aOR 1.46，95% CI 1.09-1.95）。SDS 衡量男孩在浪漫关系中的参与度会得到回报，而女孩则因这种经历而受到污名化或处于劣势。其他危险因素包括男孩和女孩的终生吸烟和男孩的终生饮酒。保护因素包括女孩的父母亲近度。
基于在印度尼西亚三个社区的研究，本研究表明，与女孩相比，男孩更容易受到包括 ACE 史、不平等的 SDS、终生饮酒和吸烟在内的各种逆境的影响。针对 ACE 和性别规范的项目，让男孩、女孩和家庭参与其中，更有可能成功减少同伴暴力行为，促进性别平等规范。
