Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy.
J Genet Psychol. 2021 Nov-Dec;182(6):406-421. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1944044. Epub 2021 Jul 5.
Coping skills represent cognitive, emotional, and behavioral resources to overcome developmental challenges and tasks. Based on Cloninger's model of personality, the main aim of this study was to analyze the relation among temperament, character, and coping skills in nonclinical pre- and early adolescents by also considering adolescents' gender and age. One hundred and thirty-eight Italian pre- and early adolescents (52.2% boys and 47.8% girls), aged between 10-14 years (M = 12.33 ± 0.87 SD), filled out the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory and the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist Revision 1. Regression and relative weights analyses showed that several of adolescents' personality dimensions did predict their coping skills. Specifically, Harm Avoidance was negatively related to Positive Reframing and Distraction; this latter (i.e., Distraction) was also negatively associated with Novelty Seeking, Self-Directedness, and Cooperativeness. On the contrary, Cooperativeness was positively related to the use of Problem Focus strategy, and Reward Dependence was positively related to Distraction and Social Support. Significant gender and age differences in personality as well as in coping skills emerged. Girls scored higher on Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, Persistence and Problem Focus, and boys scored higher on Novelty Seeking and Distraction. Moreover, pre-adolescents (10-12 years) reported lower scores on Novelty Seeking and higher on Problem Focus than early adolescents (13-14 years). Overall, the results suggest that bio-psycho-social individual factors linked to personality, gender, and age have an important role in shaping pre- and early adolescents' coping and adaptation responses. Practical implications of the results and future developments are discussed.
应对技能代表认知、情感和行为资源，以克服发展挑战和任务。基于 Cloninger 的人格模型，本研究的主要目的是通过考虑青少年的性别和年龄，分析非临床青少年前和早期的气质、性格和应对技能之间的关系。138 名意大利青少年前和早期（52.2%的男孩和 47.8%的女孩），年龄在 10-14 岁之间（M=12.33±0.87，SD），填写了青少年气质和性格量表和儿童应对策略检查表修订版 1。回归和相对权重分析表明，青少年的几个人格维度确实可以预测他们的应对技能。具体来说，回避与积极重塑和分心呈负相关；后者（即分心）也与寻求新奇、自我指导和合作呈负相关。相反，合作与使用问题焦点策略呈正相关，而奖励依赖与分心和社会支持呈正相关。在人格和应对技能方面，出现了显著的性别和年龄差异。女孩在回避、奖励依赖、坚持和问题焦点方面的得分较高，男孩在寻求新奇和分心方面的得分较高。此外，青少年前（10-12 岁）在寻求新奇方面的得分较低，在问题焦点方面的得分较高，而青少年早期（13-14 岁）则相反。总体而言，研究结果表明，与人格、性别和年龄相关的生物心理社会个体因素在塑造青少年前和早期的应对和适应反应方面起着重要作用。讨论了结果的实际意义和未来的发展。
