Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.
Adv Nutr. 2021 Dec 1;12(6):2112-2131. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab073.
The dietary shift from animal protein (AP) to plant protein (PP) sources is encouraged for both environmental and health reasons. For instance, PPs are associated with lower cardiovascular and diabetes risks compared with APs, although the underlying mechanisms mostly remain unknown. Metabolomics is a valuable tool for globally and mechanistically characterizing the impact of AP and PP intake, given its unique ability to provide integrated signatures and specific biomarkers of metabolic effects through a comprehensive snapshot of metabolic status. This scoping review is aimed at gathering and analyzing the available metabolomics data associated with PP- and AP-rich diets, and discusses the metabolic effects underlying these metabolomics signatures and their potential implication for cardiometabolic health. We selected 24 human studies comparing the urine, plasma, or serum metabolomes associated with diets with contrasted AP and PP intakes. Among the 439 metabolites reported in those studies as able to discriminate AP- and PP-rich diets, 46 were considered to provide a robust level of evidence, according to a scoring system, especially amino acids (AAs) and AA-related products. Branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids (AAAs), glutamate, short-chain acylcarnitines, and trimethylamine-N-oxide, which are known to be related to an increased cardiometabolic risk, were associated with AP-rich diets, whereas glycine (rather related to a reduced risk) was associated with PP-rich diets. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and products from gut microbiota AAA degradation were also often reported, but the direction of their associations differed across studies. Overall, AP- and PP-rich diets result in different metabolomics signatures, with several metabolites being plausible candidates to explain some of their differential associations with cardiometabolic risk. Additional studies specifically focusing on protein type, with rigorous intake control, are needed to better characterize the associated metabolic phenotypes and understand how they could mediate differential AP and PP effects on cardiometabolic risk.
从动物蛋白 (AP) 转向植物蛋白 (PP) 来源的饮食转变受到环境和健康两方面因素的鼓励。例如，与 AP 相比，PP 与较低的心血管和糖尿病风险相关，尽管其潜在机制大多仍不清楚。鉴于代谢组学具有通过全面了解代谢状况提供代谢影响的综合特征和特定生物标志物的独特能力，因此它是一种用于全面和机制上描述 AP 和 PP 摄入影响的有价值的工具。本综述旨在收集和分析与富含 PP 和 AP 的饮食相关的现有代谢组学数据，并讨论这些代谢组学特征背后的代谢效应及其对心血管代谢健康的潜在影响。我们选择了 24 项比较具有不同 AP 和 PP 摄入量的饮食相关尿液、血浆或血清代谢组学的人体研究。在这些研究中，有 439 种代谢物被报道能够区分富含 AP 和 PP 的饮食，根据评分系统，其中 46 种代谢物被认为具有可靠的证据水平，特别是氨基酸 (AA) 和 AA 相关产物。支链氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸 (AAA)、谷氨酸、短链酰基辅酶 A 和三甲胺 N-氧化物等与增加的心血管代谢风险相关的物质与富含 AP 的饮食有关，而与富含 PP 的饮食有关的是甘氨酸（与降低的风险相关）。三羧酸 (TCA) 循环中间产物和肠道微生物 AAA 降解产物也经常被报道，但它们的关联方向在不同的研究中有所不同。总体而言，富含 AP 和 PP 的饮食会导致不同的代谢组学特征，其中一些代谢物很可能是解释它们与心血管代谢风险的一些差异关联的候选物。需要进行更多专门针对蛋白质类型、严格控制摄入量的研究，以更好地描述相关的代谢表型，并了解它们如何介导 AP 和 PP 对心血管代谢风险的不同影响。
