Comparative transcriptomic analysis of genes involved in stem lignin biosynthesis in woody and herbaceous Paeonia species.

Paeonia is recognized globally due to its ornamental value. However, the mechanisms behind the formation of distinct levels of lignification in Paeonia stems remain largely unknown. In this study, we selected three representative Paeonia species, namely P. ostii (shrub), P. lactiflora (herb), and P. × 'Hexie' (semi-shrub), to evaluate and contrast their respective anatomical structure, phytochemical composition and transcriptomic profile. Our results showed that the degree of lignin deposition on the cell wall, along with the total amount of lignin and its monomers (especially G-lignin) were higher in P. ostii stems compared to the other two species at almost all development stages except 80 days after flowering. Furthermore, we estimated a total number of unigenes of 60,238 in P. ostii, 43,563 in P. × 'Hexie', and 40,212 in P. lactiflora from stem transcriptome. We then built a co-expression network of 25 transcription factors and 21 enzyme genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and identified nine key candidate genes. The expression patterns of these genes were positively correlated with the transcription levels of PAL, C4H, 4CL2, CCR, and COMT, as well as lignin content. Moreover, the highest relative expression levels of CCR, 4CL2, and C4H were found in P. ostii. This study provides an explanation for the observed differences in lignification between woody and herbaceous Paeonia stems, and constitutes a novel reference for molecular studies of stem-specific lignification process and lignin biosynthesis that can impact the ornamental industry.