A new approach for health-oriented ozone control strategy: Adjoint-based optimization of NO emission reductions using metaheuristic algorithms.

While levels of particulate matters in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRD) show a significant reduction, ozone (O) has an opposite increasing trend, becoming the critical air quality target in this decade. Emission control strategies are typically formulated sector by sector, spatial variability in emissions reductions and health impacts of air pollutants may not be taken into account, affecting the overall effectiveness of control strategies. This study proposes an adjoint-based optimization framework to facilitate health-oriented O control over PRD. The location-specific adjoint sensitivity coefficients, which reflect the spatiotemporal influences from emissions of nitrogen dioxide (NO) on O health impacts, are combined with metaheuristic algorithms to minimize the O-related premature mortalities over receptor regions. Using the proposed optimization methodology, the regional O health benefits under current emission reduction policy can be increased by 16-27%. The results show that relatively larger NO emissions reductions occurred at highly developed and populated areas. Particularly, significant reductions in NO emissions are observed at Shenzhen and urban Guangzhou. Furthermore, implementing regional NO emissions abatement has advantages to achieve an overall O health benefits for all cities. The interregional influences of NO emissions abatement between cities indicate a promising strategy of health-oriented O control in PRD.