Testicular damage during cryopreservation and transplantation.

The aim of this study is to do a study of cryoinjury and ischaemic injury on testicular graft during cryopreservation and transplantation. According to time at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after transplantation, the grafts were collected for immunohistochemistry assay for CD34 (blood vessel marker), VEGF (neoangiogenesis marker), caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) MAGE-A4 (germ cell marker). A significant increase was observed in the density of VEGF-positive blood vessels on day 3, reached a peak on day 7. On post-transplant day 3, a sharp increase occurred in the rate of spermatogonia-expressing caspase-3 until the day 7. At 14th day after transplantation, the spermatogonia number per round tubule of nonfrozen grafts was 41 ± 5.9% from that of fresh control tissues, while, in frozen-thawed grafts, the spermatogonia number per round tubule was 36.8 ± 4.6% from that of fresh control tissues. In testicular grafts, angiogenesis initiated reperfusion from day 3, and the formation of new blood vessel generally is completed about 7 days after transplantation. Angiogenesis in grafts after transplantation plays a crucial role in the restoration of function. Therefore, minimising ischaemic injury as well as improvement of cryopreservation protocols are needed to improve testicular graft after freezing, thawing and grafting.